Issue 2026 No. 1 (86)

The article is devoted to the study of some cases from the life of the Kalmyk people at the turn of the 18th century, when socio-economic upheavals and the colonial policy of the Russian Empire forced thousands of Kalmyks to seek employment in the fishing industry of the Lower Volga region. The auth ... or analyzes how participation in fishing camps became for the Kalmyks an opportunity for temporary exemption from feudal duties, but at the same time becoming economically dependent on the owners of the camps. The relevance of the research is determined by the need to study the strategies of adaptation and interaction of Kalmyks with the emerging economic system of the Russian Empire during the key period of integration. The purpose of the study is to analyze the position of Kalmyks in the system of fisheries The Lower Volga region of the 18th century, revealing the nature of their economic activity and the degree of administrative control. The research is based on archival materials from the collection of the National Archives of the Republic of Kalmykia. Comparative historical and historical methods were used in the work, which made it possible to trace the evolution of the policy of the authorities and practices of Kalmyk fishing. The article describes the economic and legal conditions of Kalmyks' employment in fisheries, the role of the Russian administration in regulating their work, as well as the consequences for the traditional way of life and the social structure of Kalmyk society. The study showed that in the century, Kalmyks occupied a dual position in the fishing industry of the region, acting both as a dependent labor force for hire in Russian camps, and as independent, albeit limited in rights, miners. The authorities, in an effort to protect the interests of the treasury and tax collectors, consistently regulated and narrowed the possibilities for independent Kalmyk fishing, especially with regard to fishing gear, timing and production sites. At the same time, the State was forced to allow such activities.
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In the first half of the 19th century, Khan Bukey resettled the Kazakhs under his control from the Junior Zhuz to the area between the Volga and Ural rivers, which led to the emergence of the Bukey (or Inner) Horde as part of the Russian Empire, on its internal territory. This event led to the emerg ... ence of interethnic ties, especially in border areas, where trade and economic contacts arose between populations of different economic and cultural affiliations: sedentary agricultural population and nomadic. Being surrounded by Russian provinces, from the moment of the formation of the Horde, these ties were formed and developed, as did trade relations with the assistance of the Russian authorities and the Kazakh elite led by the khans, who ruled the Inner Horde in the first half of the 19th century. In the framework of trade and socio-cultural relations, it is worth highlighting such events as fairs. In the 19th century, fairs played a major informational and cultural role, especially interethnic ones, where foreign-language traders and buyers came. The purpose of this article is to examine the process of formation and development of trade relations between the Bukeyev Horde and the Jewish provinces, highlighting the key stages of evolution from barter to the fair system and determining the geography of trading points. The study is based on the analysis of a wide range of sources, including works by pre-revolutionary scholars (A. I. Levshin, Ya. V. Khanikov, P. I. Nebolsin), documents from the funds of the State Archive of the Astrakhan Region, as well as achievements of modern historiography. Historical-genetic, historical-comparative, and structural-systemic methods were applied, which made it possible to identify the key stages and factors of trade development.
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The article focuses on government approaches to improving cotton production and land irrigation in the Russian Empire in the early 20th century. The research’s relevance lies in the importance of studying irrigation and cotton issues in Turkestan in the context of the economic progress of the Russia ... n Empire in the late Imperial period. The purpose of the article is to clarify the specifics of the views of Russian officials on the problems of improving cotton production and land irrigation in Central Asia in the early 20th century. The research's source base is founded on materials from the Central State Archive of Moscow. The study uses methods of comparison, analysis, classification and description. The Russian Empire entered the era of industrialization, strengthening global trade relations, and the emergence of new transport routes, which had a positive impact on cotton production. Russian entrepreneurs discussed the issues of yarn trade and determining its quality. The article provides quantitative indicators for the transportation of cotton, cottonseed oil and cottonseed in the Central Asian region of the Russian Empire. The study analyzes measures for the development of irrigation in Central Asia in the early 20th century. These activities included the revitalization of vacant lands, the development of private entrepreneurship and the attraction of capital in irrigation, and the improvement of irrigation systems. The author comes to the conclusion that government structures were aware of the need to develop cotton growing and irrigation systems in Turkestan and initiated agricultural regional modernization.
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This article continues the authors' research in the direction of analyzing the causes, main goals, forms and methods of active resistance of the rural population of the Astrakhan province to military mobilization and requisition measures carried out by local authorities during the civil war, a topic ... that has not been sufficiently studied, and therefore is not presented in the regional historiographic space in full, in a system of substantiated conclusions and generalizations. The authors set as their research objectives the study of the processes of protest actions of the population of the Astrakhan district in January – March 1919 using the example of such a social group as the Lovtsy; the reconstruction of the events of the March uprising of 1919, allowing to identify its causes, characteristics, results, the degree of influence of protest energy on various groups of the population of the Astrakhan province, visibly manifested in various forms of resistance. The March uprising in the provincial center became the apogee of the peasant movement of 1918 – early 1919. Having begun in Astrakhan, the uprising quickly spread to the city's outskirts and further into the depths of the province. In the Astrakhan district alone, protests spread to more than twenty villages. The study of the scientific problem within the chronological and territorial frameworks outlined by the authors seems relevant and significant for a number of reasons. Firstly, due to the need to overcome the attitudes and assessments of an ideological nature reflected in the works of Soviet historians, and secondly, due to the need to supplement and concretize the all-Russian picture of the peasant protest movement with facts extracted and analyzed on the basis of regional-level sources, introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, or presented in a different, authorial interpretation. A systematic approach to the analysis of the aggregate factors of the peasant protest movement facilitates a comprehensive study of the causes, intensity and forms of manifestation of peasant protest in the Astrakhan province in January-March 1919. The article presents the protest movement of the rural population of the Astrakhan district, represented by the Lovets population, from the standpoint of modern methodological approaches. The study was conducted using historical-genetic, historical-typological and historical-comparative methods.
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This study is of significant scientific relevance due to the insufficient study of the fate of Buddhist heritage in the USSR in the context of the antireligious policies of the 1920s and 1930s. In Soviet and Russian historiography, repressions against Buddhist culture remain understudied. An analysi ... s of the antireligious propaganda of the 1920s and 1930s shows that it was pervasive and included legislative measures. This study introduces a specific microhistorical story about the rescue of two Buddhist thangkas, demonstrating strategies for preserving religious artifacts under conditions of ideological pressure. The main goal of the study is to reconstruct the historical path of two Buddhist thangkas from the Altsinkhuta tract as a cross-cutting narrative reflecting the stages of state policy towards religious heritage. The study traces the full life cycle of religious artifacts – from ritual use through confiscation and museum storage to their return to the context of a resurgent regional culture. Additional objectives include identifying the role of the individual in preserving cultural heritage (using the example of scholar L. Z. Zakharov) and analyzing the continuity of the state's approach to religious heritage – from outright destruction to partial restitution. The study is based on a comprehensive analysis of diverse sources: materials from the State Archives of the Russian Federation, the State Archives of the Saratov Region, and museum documents from the Stavropol State Historical, Cultural, Natural, and Landscape Museum-Reserve named after G. N. Prozritelev and G. K. Prave; visual sources – Buddhist thangkas themselves with their iconographic features; and Soviet-era legislative acts regulating religious policy. The methodological framework incorporates the core principle of historicism, as well as historical-systemic and chronological methods, allowing for a historical perspective and systemic connections to be considered in the research object. A microhistorical approach is crucial, allowing for the uncovering of large-scale historical processes through individual cases. The study led to the following conclusions: the antireligious campaign in Kalmykia was all-encompassing, leading to the complete destruction of religious buildings, as evidenced by the fate of the khurul complex in Altsinkhuta. Despite systematic antireligious propaganda, the state failed to completely eradicate the religious component. In the post-war period, the state's approach shifted from a tactic of destruction to the managed existence of religious institutions and the partial restitution of cultural heritage. The micro-history of two thangkas from Altsinkhuta illustrates the general pattern of preserving religious identity at the local level, which subsequently allowed for its revival.
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This article attempts to identify the most effective approaches to solving the problems of historical education using the example of organizing and conducting research on the topic of the Great Patriotic War in a capital university. In the current political conditions, the popularization of scientif ... ically based historical knowledge about this period of national and world history seems particularly relevant. The authors of the article analyzed the research conducted by the faculty of the Institute of Humanities of Moscow City Pedagogical University (hereinafter referred to as the Institute of Humanities of MCPU, the Institute), aimed at studying the military and everyday history of the period 1941–1945, the search for effective channels for disseminating reliable historical information in order to improve the historical literacy of the population. Particular attention is paid to the involvement of student youth in this process. The methodological basis of this study is an interdisciplinary approach, the application of which allowed us to solve the following research problems: to analyze the attitude of modern youth to the problem of preserving historical memory and restoring historical truth; to consider thematic vectors of research in accordance with the specifics of the profile of scientific areas implemented by the structural divisions of the Institute of Humanities of MCPU; Identify the most promising educational and research practices for addressing historical education challenges.
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The article presents the first comprehensive study of the leisure organization system for fish industry workers in Astrakhan during the Khrushchev “Thaw” period. The scientific novelty of the research lies in filling the existing gap in studying the regional peculiarities of leisure practices format ... ion during the Soviet period and significantly contributes to understanding the specifics of free time organization for one of the key professional groups in Soviet society. Based on previously unpublished materials from the Astrakhan Regional State Archive, the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art, and the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the study reconstructs a comprehensive picture of cultural and educational work with fishermen during the fishing season. The research is grounded in the principles of historicism, scientific rigor, and systematic approach, employing historical-comparative and historical-systemic analysis methods. It has been established that in the mid 1950s–1960s, the region had an extensive network of cultural and educational institutions, including mobile libraries, film projection units, theatrical and entertainment facilities, and museums. These institutions operated in two main directions: ideological-educational and scientific-enlightenment. Particular attention is paid to identifying trends in the development of the leisure system, which, despite the gradual reduction of institutions (especially mobile libraries and agitation brigades) in the first half of the 1960s, retained its functionality.
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This article examines the mechanisms of interaction between the political elite and civil society institutions in achieving sustainable development goals, using the Republic of Adygea as an example. Existing forms of partnership are analyzed, including the activities of the political elite, the Publ ... ic Chamber, scientific and educational institutions, and non-profit organizations in the region. Particular attention is paid to the role of the political elite and public participation in achieving a balance between economic growth, social justice, and environmental stability. The theoretical basis of the study is the triune concept of sustainable development, based on the interaction and interdependence of economic, social, and environmental components. A review of key projects and areas of sustainable development in the Republic of Adygea is provided. Problems and challenges associated with harmoniously combining sustainable development and the preservation of natural capital are identified. In this analysis, the author examines the initial results of the regional program “Heroes of Adygea”. It is concluded that Adygea's experience may be useful for other regions of Russia seeking to achieve sustainable development goals through effective interaction between the political elite and civil society. The practical significance of the article lies in identifying successful practices in partnership between the political elite and society, which can be used to develop sustainable development strategies for other regions of Russia.
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Today, as the crisis of representative democracy becomes increasingly acknowledged in political theory, there is a rising demand for alternative institutional frameworks. In this context, the author delves into the phenomenon of the Russian Soviets. While this institution often served as a mere faça ... de for the one-party dictatorship in the USSR for decades, it also conceals another significant aspect of its history: the Soviets’ emergence during the two Russian revolutions as a manifestation of grassroots self-organization and collective action by the masses. This article examines the history of the Soviets from their inception in 1905 to the erosion of their democratic essence during the Civil War. The author also engages with the theoretical insights on the Soviet experience offered by H. Arendt, K. B. Macpherson, and A. Callinicos. Ultimately, the conclusion drawn is that the history of the Soviets holds substantial relevance for contemporary democratic theory, which grapples with the dysfunctions inherent in the representative system.
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This article provides a comprehensive study. It examines the role of civil society in settling regional conflicts. The author views modern civil society as a complex network. This network consists of autonomous relations. It can directly influence the socio-political situation. The work presents a t ... ypology of regional conflicts. They are categorized by seven key criteria. This allows for a systematic analysis of their nature and dynamics. Special attention is given to the institutional structure of civil society. Its specific functions in conflict situations are also analyzed. The study identifies three key roles for civil society. These are mediation and compromise, education, and consolidation. The author proves that during conflicts, the mobilization potential of civil society grows significantly. This makes it an important actor in de-escalation processes. The practical significance of the work is supported by recommendations. These recommendations aim to improve the effectiveness of civil society in conflicts. They include developing inter-regional networks, implementing conflict-management mechanisms, and using media resources wisely. The conclusion justifies a key thesis. Partnership between the state and civil society is necessary. This partnership is essential for achieving sustainable peace in the regions.
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The main question posed by the author of this article is the correlation of the categories “neopatrimonialism” and “political clientelism” and the legitimacy of their identification in the works of modern scientists. As a hypothesis, the thesis is put forward that these terms mean various forms of p ... olitical organization that can combine or compete with each other. To prove this hypothesis, the following tasks were solved: 1) analysis of key publications on the topic of political clientelism; 2) study of the possibilities of the neopatrimonial approach as a method of analyzing client-patronage systems; 3) critical analysis of various definitions of the terms “patrimonialism”, “neopatrimonialism”, “clientelism”, “patronage” and a number of others; 4) identification of the interrelationships between neopatrimonialism, political clientelism and the results of the political development of individual states. The research focuses on models of client-patronage relations typical of post-communist Russia. For their scientific analysis, the author uses the concepts of “state capture”, “patronage presidency”, “redistributive neopatrimonialism” and others. As a result, conclusions are drawn about the need for a deep revision of existing ideas about the interrelationships between neopatrimonialism, political clientelism and the state of key state institutions, the functioning of which is determined by a combination of formal principles and informal management practices determined by the cultural and historical traditions of the country and the personal qualities of political leaders.
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This article examines aspects of developing trust in electoral innovations, particularly technological innovations, which influences trust in public policy governing electoral innovations overall. Russian and international researchers have similar approaches in assessing the factors that hinder trus ... t in innovations and elections, but they have not yet proposed models for shaping electoral participants' trust in innovations. Theories of innovation diffusion, convergence, political communication, and opinion dynamics constitute a methodological framework for studying the issue of trust in innovations. A review of the most significant technological electoral innovations currently being used in the Russian electoral process is provided. Based on an expert survey, a set of factors has been identified that can be interpreted as elements of a system of trust in innovations. The key issues behind distrust of electoral innovations include absenteeism, a lack of understanding of the innovation, insufficient digital literacy among participants, inadequate infrastructure within the electoral system, and persistent stereotypes that facilitate the spread of speculation. Current efforts to clarify the institutional characteristics of innovations are not fully addressing the need to ensure trust in innovations in the Russian electoral process. The article argues for the need to refine the communication strategies of election administration bodies, specifically the revival of expert councils within electoral commissions and a revised approach to expert pool formation. A number of recommendatory proposals are put forward, the implementation of which could be useful in increasing trust in elections and electoral innovations in Russia. Further research on the diffusion of innovations may involve analyzing the spread of technological innovations as the most pressing trend in a digital society.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the essential composition of the political space of the “Russian World”. The interpretation of the “Russian World” presented in the work as a multidimensional system of modern Russian foreign policy is a relevant direction in the theory of international rela ... tions, as it reflects the author's vision of the structural and functional composition of this political phenomenon. The purpose of this article is to conduct a methodological study of the political space of the “Russian World” through the prism of humanitarian and philosophical analysis. The approach used to analyze the “Russian World” made it possible to identify the current positions of Russia as the core of this political space in the modern world, which consist in economic, cultural, and philosophical connotations. The author's identification of the measurement levels of the political space of the “Russian World” reflects the determination of all directions of Russia's development. The paper concludes that in the realities of the fundamental transformation of the entire system of international relations, in the context of the hybrid war unleashed by Western countries against Russia, the primary task for strengthening Russia's foreign policy position is, in addition to using various institutions of the “first channel” of diplomacy, strengthening the use of institutions of the “second channel” of diplomacy. One of the results of the research was the structuring of the components of the “Russian World”, which made it possible to identify promising areas for the development of this political space in the process of building a new multipolar multilevel world order and Russia's place in it.
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The ontological status of reality is studied in relation to the subject and its life activity. The concept of reality in the mass consciousness of modern society is largely shaped by myth. The problem of worldviews through the lens of myth is examined from a dialectical-materialistic and phenomenolo ... gical perspective. The association of the image of reality with myth has allowed for the justification of the ontological status of reality in the mass consciousness. Myth, as a source of worldviews, gives reality a dual nature, revealing its ontological contradictions, and determines the patterns of social behavior. The bearer of mass consciousness lives in an “empirical reality” in which much of what is available to him appears as a space of transformations with stated representations of consequences. Such acts are a process of structuring the world, where the perception and reflection of an object enters the matrix of a mythologem and appears in a clear form: a real or potential possibility of being. The type of reality in mass consciousness is located at the boundary between objective and subjective realities (in terms of origin). Mass consciousness, as a cultural and historical phenomenon, perceives reality empirically, rationally, and mythologically. Its bearer's urgent requirement for the image of reality is communication and understanding. Communication is specific and accurate, and understanding is the only meaningful aspect, ensuring effective adaptation to the social environment and communication between individuals.
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The relevance of the research of the phenomenon of situational religiosity is conditioned by modern spiritual and moral crisis, which escalates the existential anxiety of the person and increases the importance of studying the mechanisms of transformation of spontaneous religious experience into a s ... table identity. The aim of the study is to conduct a socio-philosophical analysis of situational religiosity and its connection with existential fear as a factor of spiritual self-determination. The research methodology combines social-ontological analysis with empirical sociological methods, including narrative interviews with clergies of different confessions, and is based on RPORC (Russian Public Opinion Research Centre) data. The theoretical basics of the study of religion as a social institution are laid in the works of E. Durkheim, P. Berger, M. Weber, and the issues of spiritual experience and the ontology of faith are in the works of M. Heidegger, P. Tillich, N. A. Berdyaev, and I. A. Ilyin. In Russian studies (O. A. Shirko, E. V. Kuzemina, T. P. Lifintseva), we can find not more information about individual manifestations of situational religiosity, however, a comprehensive socio-philosophical analysis of this phenomenon is still fragmentary. The results of the research show that situational religiosity is an adaptive response to crisis states, generated by existential anxiety and social instability, and often acquires a utilitarian-magical character, forming a superficial identity. At the same time, it was revealed that existential fear can act not only as a destructive, but also as a constructive factor, stimulating a meaningful spiritual search. The key conclusion is that the transition from situational religiosity to a true and stable identity is possible only through the deep integration of spiritual experience into a system of personal values and life meanings, which marks the transition from a magical worldview to conscious faith.
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The current sociocultural situation is one of the global crisis far from resolved, a situation in which the person Fund himself. The purpose of this article is to analyze an important aspect of this crisis: the relationship between culture and communication. A person is both bearer of culture and a ... subject of communication, meaning that the processes of their contradictory change “pass” literally through him. By means of a typological method, different relations of culture and communication, presented in theories of culture of communication, communication of cultures, etc., analyzed and problematic characteristics of the situation revealed. An individual person is not able to solve the problem of the current impossibility of communication alone, which turns out to be a problem of his own existence. This justifies the necessity to build new ways of communication, for which new ideas and tools are needed. One such concept may be the idea of a path, distinct from a road. It is proposed to pay serious attention to the conceptual scheme of Thought Activity developed in the Moscow Methodological Circle as a means of organizing meaningful, productive communication between representatives of different cultures, professions, scientific schools, on whose participation both the formulation and the possible solution of modern social-humanitarian problems depend.
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This article examines the mediatization of violence and destruction, which leads to social desensitization. It provides an overview of research and issues related to the formation and promotion of aggressive content in contemporary media culture. Using examples from the aesthetics of video games, fa ... shion, and the entertainment industry, it presents the sources of the “culture of violence” and the risks of its legitimization in social consciousness. The theoretical basis of this work is provided by E. Fromm's study of destructiveness, L. Berkovets's theory of aggression priming, P. Langman's theory of school shooting psychology, D. Khapaeva and J.L. Foltyn's theories of the aestheticization of death, and J. Naisbitt's theory of electronic violence. The article explores the specific features of the promotion of destructive ideas in online communities and subcultures. It also highlights the sources and factors that shape the overvalued attitude toward violence and destructiveness in contemporary media culture. The connections between the liberal worldview and the acceptance of violence as the norm are revealed. This study allows us to understand the phenomenon of social desensitization as a societal response to the promotion of violent images in the media across multiple levels (sociocultural, psychological, mass media, existential, ethical, and aesthetic). The results of this study can be used for regulatory guidance in media production as a form of humanitarian expertise.
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The article provides a philosophical analysis of the socio-cultural risks of the digital age. The author substantiates the importance of analyzing socio-cultural risks in connection with the crisis of the American project of globalization, the formation of a multipolar world and the self-determinati ... on of Russia as a state-civilization. In the context of intense information wars, there is an active struggle for dominance in the humanitarian sphere, which is crucial in shaping the worldview of citizens. The manipulative capabilities of network platforms are analyzed. The possibility of a holistic influence on a person is shown, not only on a rational level, but also on an imaginative and emotional one. A particular danger is the ability of network platforms to develop algorithms for behavior and the production of recommendations that defy human logic. In this regard, there is an urgent problem of special control over the functioning of network platforms and decision-making to limit the development of fifth-generation GPT neural networks and higher. Trends in the development of artificial intelligence are considered in the context of the analysis of socio-cultural risks. The features of the psychological perception of robots by humans and their needs for the production of creatures like themselves are considered. The cultural origins of the creation of an artificial human Golem in the cultures of the world and the philosophical analysis of the social and cultural consequences of such reproduction of a human are analyzed. The arguments about the fundamental uniqueness of man, the importance of his spiritual essence and the fundamental impossibility of reproducing it are considered. The author substantiates the illegality of the criterion of marginal efficiency, the absolutization of which leads to the opposition of computers and humans. The trends in the development of artificial intelligence and the sociocultural risks generated by them are investigated. Particular attention is paid to the potential risks associated with the development of fourth- and potentially fifth-generation GPT neural networks. The approaches to criteria of reasonableness and prospects of creation of artificial intelligence are analyzed. It is shown that Homo sapiens is dehumanized and its uniqueness is ignored. An alternative approach is the position of the majority of Russian researchers, who substantiate the fundamental uniqueness of human spirituality and its irreproducibility.
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The study of the problem of sociocultural determination of thinking aims to elucidate the mechanisms through which the surrounding material and spiritual environment influences the formation of cognitive processes. Establised theoretical approaches to researching sociocultural impact reveal an antin ... omy between the autonomous cognitive activity of the individual and their embeddedness in social structures, which is clearly conceptualized in the distinction between individual and collective mind. Language, as an institutionalized practice, acts as a key mediator of sociocultural interactions, influencing the functioning of thought. The article reinterprets the traditional opposition between linguistic relativism and Noam Chomsky's universal grammar, demonstrating their complementarity in studying the problem of sociocultural determination of thinking. It is established that universal grammar and linguistic relativism focus on different aspects of this issue: universal grammar, grounded in the principles of universalism and internalism, examines the impact of the environment on individual ontogenetic development, whereas linguistic relativism analyzes the emergence of culturally conditioned differences.The analysis revealed a divergence in the research foci of the two concepts: universal grammar concentrates on the sociocultural determination of individual cognitive processes, while linguistic relativism specializes in studying collective forms of thinking. Recognizing the complementarity of these concepts deepens the understanding of the relationship between language and thought but simultaneously poses a new methodological challenge: defining strict boundaries between individual and collective thinking within the context of linguistic influence.
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In the post-heroic culture of the 20th and 21st centuries, heroism is losing its status as an exceptional event and is increasingly constructed as a reproducible media image, meme, or brand, giving rise to the phenomenon of its banalization. The object of this study is the contemporary culture of he ... roism. The subject is the phenomenon of the banalization of heroism and its conceptualization in philosophy and science. This research draws on a historical, philosophical, and conceptual analysis of the works of Hannah Arendt, Martin Leibovici, Mary Morris, Zinaida Franco, Frederick Zimbardo, Stuart T. Ellison, and others, as well as on the methodology of critical theory for analyzing the culture industry and symbolic exchange. The results of empirical and interdisciplinary studies of heroism are additionally utilized. It is shown that “banality” in Arendt, Morris, and Zimbardo describes a mode of relationship to the sociocultural environment characterized by automatism, routine, and the loss of a critical dimension, while “banalization” captures the process of reducing complex phenomena to clichés and repeatable forms. Banalization reflects the migration of heroism from the realm of the transcendent / exceptional to the realm of everyday practices (“heroic imagination”) and institutionalization (“the science of heroism”). A comparative analysis of the perception of the hero in individualistic (USA) and collectivist (China) cultures demonstrates how heroism is imbued with different cultural content while preserving a universal core of rational-volitional traits. A critical analysis of empirical research has revealed two forms of contemporary heroism: the “banal,” situationally determined act of an ordinary person, and the “non-banal,” rooted in stable and diverse types of moral personality. A distinction is made between banalization-reduction, where heroism is reduced to a single impulse and loses its connection with a stable moral character, and banalization-democratization, which reveals the heroic as potentially accessible to everyone in everyday life.
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The problem of corporeality is relevant in various sciences, but recently, including in philosophical research, the issue of deviations in corporeality has become increasingly relevant. The purpose of this study is to analyze the history of the objectification of the problem of deviations in human p ... hysical development from a philosophical perspective. To achieve this goal, the dialectical method was applied, as well as the principle of universal connection and development, which facilitated a comprehensive analysis of various aspects of the problem under study. To analyze the relationship between corporeality and sociality, a socio-anthropological method was employed, and an analysis of the mutual influence of culture and society was carried out using sociocultural methodology. Some references to corporeal deviation were Fund already in ancient philosophy. Much attention is paid to the Middle Ages, when, traditionally, emphasis was placed on issues of Christian doctrine. A clear connection is traced between the understanding of physical ailments and faith in God. Western philosophers of the modern era emphasize the practical aspects of therapy, correction, re-education, and the possibility of educating children with certain developmental disabilities, as well as the importance of a systematic philosophical understanding of physical disabilities. The works of K. Marx and F. Engels note the influence of socio-economic factors; F. Nietzsche criticizes correction methods; K. Jaspers, A. Camus, and J.-P. Sartre focuses on the existential meaning of developmental disabilities and the connection between their elimination and the desire for authentic being. In psychoanalysis, Z. Freud, A. Adlerian, W. Reich, and O. Rank analyze the connection between the human self-image and its corporeality. The central problem of M. Foucault's cultural philosophical discourse is human corporeality, and modern bioethical philosophy analyzes the moral problems of using technology to improve the human body. Based on a historical analysis of abnormal corporeality, it is concluded that throughout the development of philosophical knowledge, changes have occurred in the understanding of the meaning of bodily dysfunction, the factors that cause it, and society's assessment of people with physical disabilities. In contemporary research, the problem of corporeal deviation has become relevant and continues to be interpreted from new perspectives.
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This article presents the main theoretical and practical findings of a two-year research project on electoral innovation. This article examines organizational, managerial, procedural, and legal innovations in electoral governance. It proposes solutions to theoretical, methodological, and applied pro ... blems arising in modern scholarship due to the growing interest in the dynamics of public administration institutions in the electoral sphere. The study covers issues of electoral management, electoral law, theories of innovation diffusion, and institutional borrowing. Recommendations for government agencies on implementing innovations in organizing and conducting elections are presented. The study revealed a lack of attention to information support for the implementation of electoral innovations and the problem of public trust in electoral innovations. A system of criteria for evaluating innovations in elections has been developed. The main models of regulatory framework for testing innovations in official elections have been identified and studied.
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This monograph is devoted to the history of Platonism in Russian philosophy from the 21th to the 20st century. It offers a sufficiently broad historical overview of the key stages in Russian philosophy, highlighting how the legacy of the great ancient thinker influenced the formation of various phil ... osophical schools and trends. The study examines how Plato’s philosophy is represented in Russian historiography, including dissertation research, as well as Russian pedagogy, psychology, sociology, political science, and other disciplines. It also explores what Russian Platonism of the 21st century might look like in the era of globalization, informatization, and nanotechnology. Moreover, within a broad cultural context, the work demonstrates the impact of scientific and philosophical thought on the development of society and the individual – both globally and specifically in Russia.
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