Issue 2025 No. 2 (83)

The article identifies the main aspects of the formation of the historical memory of the population of Russian society in the context of the implementation of the state policy of historical education. The authors note that historical memory acts as an important factor in ensuring spiritual and cultu ... ral sovereignty, the formation of values and attitudes of a patriotic nature, civil and national identity. An analysis of the results of sociological research confirms that the historical memory of a significant part of Russian citizens is fragmented, the majority of the population does not have systematic historical knowledge, and their ideas about the country’s past are superficial. At the same time, the public’s demand for patriotic coverage of history is increasing, as evidenced by in-depth interviews with teachers from new regions of Russia. A purposeful state policy is needed to form and preserve historical memory. It is about creating and promoting channels for the dissemination of scientifically based and reliable information about historical events. This provides for the creation of a system of information products designed to help increase the level of historical literacy and awareness of the population about the country’s past. The National Center for Historical Memory under the President of the Russian Federation can play an important role in the state policy of historical memory, preservation and protection of traditional Russian values.
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The study of the historical and architectural tradition of Bakhchisarai began in the 20–30 years of the 20th century. The researchers paid attention to individual aspects of the existence and functioning of religious and residential architectural monuments, as well as socio-economic and public issue ... s. The issues of the planning structure of the quarters, the location of the main monuments, trade and craft specialization remained insufficiently studied at the same time. This article examines various aspects of the socio-economic and economic development of the Tabana-maale quarter in Bakhchisarai, based on an analysis of documents from the funds of the State Archives of the Republic of Crimea. The purpose of this article is to study the various areas of economic activity in the Tabana-maale quarter of Bakhchisarai in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. In modern Russian historiography, there is an increased interest in the history of the development of different regions, settlements, and neighborhoods with a homogeneous, compactly living or mixed ethnic composition of the population, which determines the relevance and novelty of the study. This work also illustrates the trade and craft specialization of the specified quarter, indicating private, leased or waqf property based on archival sources. The author comes to the conclusion that the Tabana-maale quarter, located at the entrance to the old part of the city, was one of the main centers of tannery, metalworking, cooperage and partly blacksmithing, where coffee
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The article describes the daily work of volunteer rescuers of the Sveaborg Extra-District Water Rescue Society in 1894. The study uses as source material the statutory documents and instructions of the All-Russian Water Rescue Society, the office documentation of the Sveaborg Extra-District Water Re ... scue Society, which contains information about the internal structure of rescue stations and half-stations and provides statistics on the rescue of drowning people and the provision of assistance to coastal vessels that have lost their course in the waters of the Gulf of Finland. The data on the personnel of the Sveaborg Extra-District Water Rescue Society are analyzed – about the atamans and rowers of the rescue stations, who were recruited mainly from local Finnish fishermen who knew from birth about the difficult weather conditions in the waters of the Gulf of Finland. The sources of permanent funding for the daily work of volunteer rescuers are revealed, including donations from local patrons, military personnel and officials of the Finnish Governorate General. Attention is paid to the organizational and social activities of the inspector of the Sveaborg Extra-District Society, Count A.K. Krongelm, who was a well-known enthusiast in Russia in the matter of rescuing drowning people.
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The article examines the processes of formation of ideological and political views and activities of an outstanding personality – Pavel Nikolaevich Milyukov – scientist, historian, writer, journalist, leader of the party of constitutional democrats. Using retrospective methods, as well as the princi ... ples of historicism and objectivity, the analysis of the views and actions of P. M. Milyukov is given in the context of political events that took place in Russia and abroad. The stages of formation and transformation of the worldview of P. N. Milyukov from adolescence to the last years of his life are traced. Attention is paid to the difficulties that had to be overcome to achieve the goal, doing science and simultaneously participating in political events. The factors that influenced the ideological views of P. N. Milyukov, his connection with the populists and social democrats who opposed the autocracy for the establishment of a democratic republic are analyzed. Covering the role of this great historical figure, who managed to lead a political party that united active people concerned about the fate of Russia’s development, is a worthy example for the modern generation
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The scientific article discusses the creation of the Museum of Inventions and improvements in 1909. The opening of the museum became the realization of the scientific and educational activities of the public organization. The scientific article analyzes the implementation of the task of the museum e ... xposition to promote technical achievements and the progress of scientific thought among the Russian population. Using the statutory documents, instructions and rare pre-revolutionary periodicals, it is proved that the board of the public organization has done a lot of work in the formation of a new museum exhibition. All the basic principles of the daily activities of the Museum of Inventions and Improvements were reflected in its statutory provisions and documents. The rules of admission of exhibits to the museum exposition, established by the Board of the Society of Military, Marine and agricultural machinery, are described. Attention is paid to the internal work schedule of the museum and the procedure for displaying exhibits to visitors. An assessment of the hierarchy of museum employees, including the director and other officials, is given. The author concludes that the opening of the museum of inventions and improvements was widely discussed in the metropolitan press. It was revealed that in order to improve the current exposition, letters and requests from visitors were received. All the above-mentioned actions of the board of the public organization allowed the museum exposition to become famous among the metropolitan public.
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The aim of the work is to study the features of the work of foreign charitable organizations to provide assistance to the starving in the Volga region in 1921–1923. The main source for writing the article were the materials of the Astrakhan Provincial District Committee of the All-Union Communist Pa ... rty (Bolsheviks) Fund of the State Archives of the Astrakhan Region, as well as thematic collections of documents. A historiographical analysis of the scientific literature revealed the differences in the approaches of historians of various schools in explaining the causes of the famine. Researchers of the 1920s concluded that the natural factor in the form of drought was the primary cause of the famine that affected the population of the region. Historians of the 1930s–1980s the root cause of the tragedy was attributed to political and socio-economic factors (civil war that ruined agriculture, peasant uprisings against the food tax, the “trade union debate” in the RCP(b) that weakened the unity of the ruling party, etc.), which were compounded by a severe drought that ruined the harvest. In the post-Soviet period, with the revival of scientists' interest in the topic of the new economic policy, the primacy of the natural factor began to prevail in research again. This topic seems quite relevant now, when such organizations are very active in many regions of the world, but their role is very ambiguous. In addition to extensive charitable, educational and medical activities to help that in need, these organizations are conductors of the “soft power” of their governments, sowing the seeds of discord, conflict and “color” revolutions in other countries. From this position, one can evaluate differently the party-state directives and documents of the period under study, which recommended that local authorities in the famine-stricken territories remain vigilant in relation to the activities of the ARA and other philanthropists. At the same time, one cannot deny the positive significance of foreign food aid in eliminating the consequences of the famine of 1921–1922.
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With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the education of working youth ceased. Only since 1944, schools for working and rural youth began to function in the education system of the BSSR. The relevance of this study is determined by the fact that the creation and development of these types of ... institutions in the post-war period became one of the priority areas of the state policy of the BSSR in the field of education. The purpose of this work is to consider the problem of the functioning of schools for working and rural youth in the context of the post-war recovery of the BSSR economy. The work is based on documents of the National Archives of the Republic of Belarus, primarфily these are regulatory documents of the People's Commissar of Education of the BSSR – orders, annual reports of schools for working and rural youth. The work uses problem-chronological, historical-systemic, which made it possible to establish the activities of the People's Commissar of Education of the BSSR to resolve organizational issues (scientific and methodological support, personnel, material and technical and others). In the school education system, these institutions occupied a key role, ensuring the right of each student to receive a seven-year and secondary education. The principle of “Giving working and rural youth secondary education” was not an end in itself or a dogma in the educational policy of the BSSR, but actually brought benefits and impetus to the development of both the individual worker and the economy as a whole.
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The relevance of the study lies in how, in a crisis, the state should support the livelihoods of its population. This article examines one of the aspects of everyday life – the life of the rear cities of the USSR in the most difficult conditions of wartime in 1941–1945. The activity of public cateri ... ng enterprises is studied using the example of the cities of the Middle Volga region. In Soviet times, catering companies became widespread in urban settlements, as thanks to their services, a large number of employees performed their labor functions without wasting time searching and preparing food. The purpose of the study is to show how, in the extreme conditions of the war period, the party and Soviet authorities of the Middle Volga cities adapted the entire catering system to the rapidly changing demands of the time. This work is based on archival sources. Materials from the archives of the Samara, Penza and Ulyanovsk regions and the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History have been put into scientific use.Information from published sources and statistical collections is also used. The period of the Great Patriotic War was a severe test for public catering enterprises in the Middle Volga cities. The reduction in the supply of their centralized funds has led to a decrease in the quality of service for citizens. The urban population, which had increased as a result of the evacuation, did not receive enough food. Local authorities tried to remedy the situation by providing catering companies with greater independence in terms of procurement of necessary products. However, many managers of the catering system could not cope with this task. Nevertheless, the necessary minimum food supply for the townspeople was provided. And some of the managers of the catering system, who are able to take the initiative, have achieved good results in the field of servicing the population attached to their enterprises.
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Creating conditions for maintaining the legitimacy of political power is one of the most important issues in modern political science, as it creates the basis for maintaining the stability of the political system without the need to resort to legitimate violence. In the conditions of uncertainty tha ... t characterize the environment of modern political systems, addressing this issue is filled with new meaning. The purpose of this article is to analyze the systemic foundations of the legitimacy of political power using the legacy of the outstanding American political scientist D. Easton. A systems approach was used as the theoretical and methodological basis for the study, which allows considering legitimacy as an element of the political system necessary to maintain its stability and sustainability. Easton's ideas about the legitimacy of political power are compared with M. Weber's concept of political domination. D. Easton's main works on systems analysis and behavioralism, as well as modern studies on the legitimacy of power, were selected as scientific sources. The results of the study show that from the point of view of the systems approach, the following bases of legitimacy are distinguished: ideological, personal and structural. Easton's theory of the political system confirms the importance of political socialization (politicization) and support (trust), thus guaranteeing the preservation of the stability of the system. In the course of the study, limitations of D. Easton's concept of the legitimacy of power were identified, since excessive schematization leads to the reduction of complex political processes. Also, for a full analysis of the mechanisms of legitimization, it is necessary to integrate the normative and empirical foundations of political science. Despite this, Easton's concept of legitimacy retains its relevance and can be used to analyze modern problems of the legitimacy of political power.
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In 2023, the discourse of the Civilisation State entered the Russian scientific and political space. This was due to the new “Concept of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation” adopted in March of this year, where it was for the first time officially declared as a Civilisation State. And although ... long before that this phrase had already been repeatedly heard in official speeches of the state's top officials, it was formally adopted by Russian propaganda only then. We are really talking about the propaganda of a new meaning of Russia. New meanings always reflect new perspectives, or refinements of them. And by promoting these ideas, we make them not just popular and widespread, but also understandable for the majority. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the meaning of such philosophical concepts as the Russian idea, cultural meanings and codes of Russia as a Civilisation State. The author shares his reflections on the essence of the Russian idea, the Russian Civilisation State and the role of the people and outstanding personality in its national history. In his judgements he relies on the analysis of the history of Russia and its difficult fate in world history.
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The relevance of the research is determined by the need to analyze modern forms of Russian nationalism and their impact on the political life of post-Soviet Russia. The study of cyborg nationalism as a new form of nationalism allows for a deeper understanding of the transformational processes of mod ... ern political ideologies in the era of digital dominance. The purpose of the study is to analyze the features of Russian cyborg nationalism in post-Soviet Russia (1991–2021), ways of adapting nationalist ideology to digital transformation. The research is based on the approach of I. A. and S. V. Zherebkin. The empirical analysis is based on materials from open sources – publications by representatives of various nationalist movements (NBP, NNP, Young Conservatives, Sputnik and Pogrom, etc.). The research methods are comparative analysis and discourse analysis. The main conclusions of the study show that Russian cyborg nationalism is characterized by hybridity, blurring of the boundaries of discourse, the use of new media and stylistic techniques, as well as the transformation of ideas about “friends” and “strangers”. The study showed that cyborg nationalism is a dynamic and evolving phenomenon with great potential for further research in the framework of the study of right-wing radical movements.
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The crisis of the political elites of the modern West is clearly evident in the political deviation, which has become the most important sign of the political carnival. In the context of the crisis of globalism, the crisis of the political elites associated with this project is also growing. This is ... especially evident in the example of the modern confrontation between the globalist (liberal) and traditionalist (conservative) elites of the United States. The world of Western elites has deteriorated as a result of their voluntaristic and elitist practices. The Western elites are suffering one crushing defeat after another. They no longer have the reputation of an undisputed world leader. Many of their achievements are being questioned and no longer stand up to open competition with other world centers of civilizations (China, India, Russia). Attempts to impose Western assessments and values on the rest of the world are causing an increase in resistance from a truly progressive humanity. Against this background, Western political elites and their leaders are plunging into a fictional world where their hegemony is not in danger. They constantly substitute concepts, distort the goals and meanings of ideas. And the most important substitution is the forgery of the political elite itself, when outright flicks and fakes turn out to be in its place. This creates the effect of a political carnival, which becomes a natural result of their decadence. This article is devoted to the issues of political deviation that we are currently observing in the behavior of Western political elite communities.
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The article is devoted to the study of opportunities to increase the participation of civil society organizations in addressing social policy issues. The relevance of the research is conditioned by modern challenges, such as increasing social differentiation and the need to integrate vulnerable grou ... ps of the population, which require new approaches in the implementation of social policy. The aim of the study is to identify and justify the possibilities of more active involvement of NKOs in this process. To achieve this goal, a comprehensive methodological approach was used; analysis and synthesis of scientific literature allowed us to study the theoretical basis of NKO participation in social policy. The comparative-historical method was used to identify the evolution of the role of NKOs, as well as to analyses existing barriers and challenges. The systemic approach helped to develop practical recommendations to improve interaction between NKOs and state structures. The study Fund that NKOs have significant potential to address social challenges due to their proximity to citizens and responsiveness. However, barriers related to financial, institutional and legal and regulatory constraints significantly reduce the effectiveness of their participation. Recommendations are offered to strengthen partnership relations between the state and NKOs. It is concluded that it is necessary to further study regional specifics and international experience to develop more effective mechanisms for NKO integration into social policy.
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Contemporary conditions make international organizations more and more active subjects of electoral diplomacy, which makes necessary to study their potential and effectiveness in this sphere. The purpose of the research is to assess the evolution of the International Organization of la Francophonie ... as a multilateral structure that has been transformed from a cultural and humanitarian association into a significant player in electoral diplomacy. The article is based on the charter documents, normative acts and analytical materials of the International Organization of la Francophonie, analyzed when using institutional, political and legal, discourse analysis and case studies. The key areas of the organization's work are training of electoral administrations, support for national observers, promotion of gender equality and digitalization of electoral processes. Particular attention is paid to reviewing the organization's activities in the course of organizing monitoring of electoral processes. However, the expansion of the International Organization of la Francophonie faces challenges related to the criticism of its neocolonial character and the need to justify the expansion of electoral diplomacy to non-francophone countries. Further development of the organization as an effective actor of electoral diplomacy seems possible only if using election observation as an instrument of political influence is abandoned. An important aspect is also strengthening the role of local partners and adapting the methodology to the specifics of each state.
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In 2024 five new members joined BRICS, an association primarily pursuing economic goals. In this regard, it seems necessary to identify the degree of development of trade and economic cooperation between the countries that initially formed the group. That should be done in order to determine the acc ... umulated effectiveness and experience of community development. The purpose of this study is to identify the dynamics of economic cooperation between the Russian Federation and the BRICS-5 countries. It is important to admit that the designation “BRICS-5” is used by the authors to emphasize that the study will provide a trade and economic analysis of cooperation between the Russian Federation and the states that form the “core” of the association (the Federative Republic of Brazil, the Republic of India, the People's Republic of China and the Republic of South Africa).To achieve the goal mentioned above, the following methods of scientific cognition were applied: theoretical (analysis, deduction and induction) and empirical (description, comparison, systematization). The source was based on analytical reports from the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia, the Eastern State Planning Center, the International Monetary Fund, as well as various scientific publications and online resources (official websites of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media of the Russian Federation, Russian International Affair Council, etc.).
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The article is devoted to identifying details of the biographical and historical philosophe aspects in the lifes and work of two talented representatives of Russian youth of the early 20th century: a major German philosopher of Russian origin Nikolai Hartmann and a practically unknown Russian-Lithua ... nian philosopher Vasily Sesemann. The relevance of the study is determined by the significant increase in interest in the works of Vasily Sesemann among Russian and foreign researchers at the moment. The study of the system of philosophy of V. Sesemann requires a detailed study of the fundamental bases of the philosopher, the identification of professional connections and influences on his work. To achieve this goal, archival materials, published memoirs, philosophy works in Russian, English, German and Lithuanian were used. The analysis of the origin, educational trajectory and features of the career of V. Sesemann in comparison with the biography of his colleague and friend - N. Hartmann contributes to the most accurate identification of the fundamental attitudes that determine the specificity of the philosophical views of the thinker. In the course of the work, curious biographical details and professional connections of N. Hartmann and V. Sesemann were revealed. The study of the amazing parallels in the creative biographies of the two philosophers allows us to deepen our understanding of the features of their philosophical systems, and can also be useful in reconstructing the atmosphere of Russian intellectual life in the difficult period of the early 20th century.
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This article examines the concepts of intercultural competence and cultural intelligence in a socio-philosophical aspect. Intercultural competence is the ability to interact effectively and harmoniously with representatives of different socio-cultural groups, and cultural intelligence is the skills, ... knowledge and abilities necessary for understanding, assessing and adapting socio-cultural differences. In the process of developing intercultural competence, a certain level of cultural intelligence can be achieved, that can be further developed through reflective communicative experience. Cultural intelligence is divided into four essential elements necessary for effective socio-cultural interaction: metacognitive, cognitive, motivational and behavioral, that is the most significant element. The behavioral element of cultural intelligence is the ability to behave appropriately during interaction, that is necessary to maintain effective and positive socio-cultural relationships. Based on the analysis of the concepts of intercultural competence and cultural intelligence, as well as their relationship, it can be argued that these two categories are of significant importance in the modern socio-cultural environment and in the process of socio-cultural interaction.In such interaction, they contribute to the development of mutual understanding, harmonious relations and successful cooperation between different cultures.
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The aim of this study is to analyze the concept of negative anthropology in Giorgio Agamben’s philosophy, with a particular focus on the deconstruction of the categories of inoperativity (inoperosità) and potentiality (potentia) as central elements of his critique of the Western metaphysical traditi ... on. Unlike classical anthropological models that constitute the subject through active or essential characteristics, Agamben proposes an alternative perspective in which human being is revealed through the capacity “not” to actualize its potentiality but to retain it in the mode of pure possibility. This idea gains relevance in the context of digital control and the ideology of hyper-productivity. Agamben’s critique of the apparatus of activity demonstrates that inoperativity is not a passive state but rather a primordial existential dimension of human existence. In this framework, inoperativity assumes not a negative but a constitutive role: it creates a space for an alternative experience of time and being, allowing the subject to remain in the mode of potentiality rather than forced actualization. Inoperativity thus emerges as a form of resistance to functional necessity, enabling a radical rethinking of the ontology of action and inaction. A key concept in Agamben’s philosophy is “potentiality-not-to” (potenza-di-non), which contrasts with traditional ontological and political paradigms that define the subject through action. “Potentiality-not-to” expresses not merely the capacity to act but also the ability to hold oneself in a state of unrealized possibility, enabling the subject to remain outside predetermined functionality. For Agamben, true freedom manifests not in the coercive realization of potential but in the capacity to preserve it in a state of incompleteness. This renders human existence fundamentally open, excluding teleological closure or predetermination. In this context, Agamben’s negative anthropology does not simply reject traditional categories of subjectivity but also proposes a new ethics of immanence, where freedom is realized not through action but through a radical suspension. This suspension creates the conditions for alternative forms of being, grounded in the refusal of instrumentalized productivity.
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