Issue 2024 No. 3 (80)

The current geopolitical situation requires the development of a scientifically sound state scientific and technical policy in the shortest possible time to ensure the achievement of technological sovereignty. To this end, it seems relevant and necessary to study domestic and foreign historical expe ... rience. The purpose of the study is to consider, on the basis of currently declassified archival documents, the problem of leading Soviet specialists searching for optimal mechanisms to accelerate scientific and technological progress in the USSR in the 1960s in the context of their identification of the main trends in the development of leading capitalist countries. The methodological basis of the research is the principles of historicism, objectivity and reliability. It is proved that the data presented in the studied documents testified both to the structural restructuring of the economy in the leading countries of scientific and technological development being fixed by experts at that time, and to attempts to take into account and use the studied experience in developing strategies and mechanisms for accelerating the pace of scientific and technological development in the USSR. The conclusion is formulated that a certain part of the data was taken into account in the preparation of a number of important government documents, in particular, the Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR approved in October 1968 on improving the efficiency of scientific organizations and accelerating the use of science and technology achievements in the national economy. According to him, the responsibility of research institutes, design bureaus and design organizations for the level of scientific research, design, design and technological developments was significantly increased. From now on, the activities of developing organizations should be evaluated mainly by how effectively specialists work, what technical and economic effect the defense industry and the national economy receive from the introduction of their developments. A significant number of scientists have tried, referring to data on the state of affairs in a particular area in the United States, to draw attention to the need for accelerated development of their own developments in a number of key areas, including the development of computer technology. However, the recommendations of specialists were often ignored.
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The issues of organizing assistance to victims of natural disasters (floods and rain storms) by foreign administrations in the conditions of a nomadic society in the second half of the 19th century are explored, using the example of two Kalmyk uluses: Yandyko-Ikitsohurovsky uluses of the Astrakhan p ... rovince and Bolshederbetovsky Stavropol Territory. The source base for the study consisted of office documentation, first identified in the funds of the State Archives of the Astrakhan Region, the State Archives of the Stavropol Territory and the National Archives of the Republic of Kalmykia Russian and State Historical Archive. Particular attention during the study was paid to the actions of the authorities, during which the number of victims and the scale of damage, primarily dead livestock and carts, were established. For every natural disaster that brought casualties and caused damage to the population, it was immediately reported down the chain to the capital, the emperor. The main instrument in organizing assistance to the victims was Kalmyk social capital. Society did not remain aloof from the tragedy. Everyone sought to make a contribution within their power to help the people of their kind, and, above all, the Buddhist clergy. The authors emphasize that the population of the Kalmyk steppe, despite the arid climatic conditions, was subject to floods from the Caspian Sea and rain storms.
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The merchant class was considered one of the privileged classes of the Russian Empire and played an important role in the development of society. Interest in the history of entrepreneurship in general and the activities of individual ethnic and religious groups of the Russian Empire, in particular, ... increased in domestic historiography at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. The merchant class of the city of Bakhchisarai is one of the little-studied topics. The purpose of this study is to analyze materials from archival funds that highlight the economic and social activities of the Crimean Tatar merchants of Bakhchisarai in the last quarter of the 19th - early 20th centuries. This information is reflected in the materials of city government bodies - the City Duma, the Council, which are stored in the State Archive of the Republic of Crimea. The dynamics of the number of this class from the end of the 18th century to the last quarter of the 19th century is demonstrated, based on statistical data. The article also examines the main areas of public activity, relationships with local authorities, such as participation as members of the Bakhchisarai Duma, in court hearings as jurors, and in elections of members of zemstvo institutions. The author comes to the conclusion that Crimean Tatars merchants being wealthy people, gradually integrated into the class structure of the Russian state during this period. They took an active part in the economic and social life of the city, expanded the network of commercial and industrial establishments, and were engaged in patronage being assigned to the 2nd merchant guild.
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The relevance of the study is determined by the lack of knowledge of the Russian pre-revolutionary Black Sea yachting sport. The purpose of this research is to study the formation and development of the Black Sea Yacht Club at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. The sources of information were arch ... ival materials of the Russian State Archive of the Navy (RGA Navy) for the years 1875-1912. The principles of historicism and objectivity, statistical analysis of archival materials made it possible to obtain accurate quantitative indicators and establish the characteristics of the problem under study. Because of the study, it was established that after the approval of the Charter of the Black Sea Yacht Club, its goal became the spread of sailing on sailing, rowing and steam vessels; improvement of ship design; training of skippers and sailors. Achieving these goals was hampered by the lack of necessary funds. From the beginning of its existence and in order to improve the quality of fulfillment of its tasks, the Black Sea Yacht Club Committee began to actively develop. The yacht club organized races and developed a program of sports activities. In addition to the races, yacht competitions were held, during which various exercises were carried out based on signals from the flagship. During this period, the second yacht club and Sailing Circle were organized. The Black Sea Yacht Club responded to the needs of public institutions through donations, organizing holidays, and by establishing a scholarship named after the Black Sea Yacht Club. The Black Sea Yacht Club was a well-organized sports institution, which was evident from the results of its activities.
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The article analyzes the experience of architectural construction in Russian cities at the end of the XIX - beginning of the XX century on the example of the construction of the church of the Holy Prince Alexander Nevsky in Yalta. The article examines the activities of the Yalta Church Building Comm ... ittee and its interaction with the St. Petersburg Society of Architects based on the projects of N. P. Krasnov and P. K. Terebenev. The sources of the research were archival documents stored in the funds of the Central State Historical Archive of St. Petersburg, representing a number of little-known and unexplored aspects of the creation of the church of the Holy Prince Alexander Nevsky in Yalta. The authors focus on aspects of the history of architectural construction of the late XIX - early XX centuries, in particular, the construction program submitted to the St. Petersburg Society of Architects from the Yalta Church Building Committee, the developed temple projects, as well as explanatory notes that represent a previously unknown part of the heritage of N. P. Krasnov and P. K. Terebenev. The scientific and technical documentation on the construction of the temple in Yalta is evaluated from a historical point of view, and evidence is presented confirming the authorship of P. K. Terebenev when creating the temple of St. Prince Alexander Nevsky as the embodiment of the national Russian style in the architecture of the city under the patronage of Emperor Alexander III.
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The restoration of Soviet control over oil-producing and oil-refining regions (Baku, Grozny, Ural-Emba) after the end of the civil war contributed to the elimination of the fuel crisis and changes in the operating conditions of the oil industry. With the introduction of the new economic policy in th ... e country, the oil industry was transferred to business accounting, and the existing restrictions on the sale of petroleum products were lifted. The new principles of the industry's operation entailed the reorganization of its management system, the purpose of which was to create an effective centralized management mechanism that included control over the production, transportation and sale of oil and petroleum products. Due to its geographical location, the Astrakhan region had been involved in the system of transporting petroleum products from oil regions located in close proximity to the Caspian Sea since the pre-revolutionary period. At the beginning of the 1920s the transit of petroleum products through the Astrakhan port had to be resumed, the system of storage and distribution of petroleum products had to be restructured, including among enterprises and the population of the province. The specifics of the economy of the province, which did not have large local production complexes and, accordingly, a large need for fuel, made the region, first of all, an important transport point, and not a place for selling petroleum products. By the end of the 1920s, the volumes of petroleum products passing through Astrakhan had increased significantly, which contributed to the beginning of the modernization and reconstruction of both the regional port infrastructure and the oil storage system. The restoration of oil fields and oil refining industries, destroyed or fallen into decay during the years of the revolution and civil war, played a role in the activation of cargo turnover; technical re-equipment of the oil industry, including with the use of foreign capital entering the country in the form of concessions; the general rise of the country's economy, which took a course on forced industrialization, the implementation of which was impossible without the appropriate fuel resources.
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The given article analyzes politics, communication and risk-perception in the context of contemporary Russia. Research design is based on the ideas of Aristotle, and the concept of governmentality of M. Foucault. The authors investigate the relationship between politics as an area of communication, ... and culture, and the sovereignty of citizens, on the other hand, the paper reflects on the role of risk in formation of civic sovereignty. It is emphasized that ignoring the values and prospects of domestic communication is an indicator of the crisis of modern politics. The authors point to the evolution of risk-management approach from taking individual responsibility to delegating this responsibility to the state. In addition, the arguing is considered the impact of digitalization on trust between the state and citizens. It is emphasized the importance of a symmetrical analysis of trust in both the state and citizens. As a result, the article reflects on the need to develop new practical methods of analyzing digital discourses to assess trust between the state and citizens. The general theme of the article is the search for a new approaches to communication, risk management and building trust in modern politics, especially in the context of digitalization, that presents such important aspects of socio-cultural development of society.
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The scholarly article delves into the complex migration dynamics within the Republic of Dagestan, the Republic of Kalmykia, and the Astrakhan region, with a particular emphasis on the exodus of the younger population from these areas. By meticulously analyzing the socio-economic terrain, the author ... endeavors to gain a profound insight into the causes of this departure, which significantly shape the future prospects of regional development. The significance of scrutinizing the Caspian region stems from the established pattern of young individuals migrating from these regions to major administrative centers and metropolises, a trend that is particularly disconcerting in the context of contemporary economic realities. The objective of this study is to offer a comprehensive comprehension of youth migration from the Caspian region. In the course of preparing the article, the author draws upon statistical data concerning migration, regional rankings, and strategic planning documents. The research employs a comparative method, enabling a comprehensive understanding of the regions from the standpoint of diverse socio-economic indicators. Additionally, it utilizes a behavioral approach to evaluate the impact of environmental factors on the migratory intentions and behavioral patterns of the younger populace. Based on the findings, the author concludes that the inclination of young individuals to depart from the Republic of Dagestan, the Republic of Kalmykia, and the Astrakhan region, relocating to capital cities, appears quite rational in the modern context. Acknowledging this issue, the government has initiated measures to counteract this trend. However, the proposed solutions are not adept at swiftly reversing the established pattern. The sanctions imposed on Russia may serve as a catalyst for this phenomenon, actualizing the significance of the Caspian region as a pivotal transport and logistics center, the operation of which relies heavily on youthful, highly qualified specialists. Consequently, the authorities will be compelled to intensify their efforts by presenting more advantageous alternative solutions that could lead to a positive migration balance.
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The article is devoted to the study of the image of the future of state-citizen relationships in the digital environment from the perspective of information technology experts. In the context of the contemporary transformations in the virtual space, particular attention is given to understanding the ... main directions of socio-political development, especially concerning the interaction between the state and its citizens, both in classical terms and within the framework of the concept of the digital state. The aim is to identify trends in state-citizen relationships in the digital space. The research draws upon the works of domestic political scientists focusing on themes related to the digital space, political mythology, and studies on future construction. The empirical basis of the study consists of the results of 19 expert interviews conducted with scholars, practitioners, and government officials from three regions of the Russian Federation: Saint Petersburg, Moscow, and the Nizhny Novgorod region. Based on the study results, conclusions are drawn that the images of the future of state-citizen relationships in the digital environment are closely related to the current agenda, the level of political trust, images that can be interpreted within the framework of political mythology, and, importantly, underscore the high level of risks associated with the transition of interactions into the virtual space.
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The article is devoted to the study of the potential of “soft power” in the Eurasian space in the context of a new geopolitical reality. The author analyzes the formation of the concept of “soft power” and its proven functionality. The article highlights the characteristic features of the new geopol ... itical reality, concludes that the architecture of international relations is changing in the context of emerging multipolarity, “global interdependence”, “openness” and the need to actualize efforts to preserve the political and economic sovereignty of the states of the Eurasian continent. It is extremely important at the present stage to expand cooperation in the direction of solving the problems of preserving the unique identity of each people of the Eurasian states. Considering the manifestations of the “soft power” of the Eurasian space, the author dwells on the expansion of “horizontal contacts” in the socio-humanitarian, cultural spheres and on making promising decisions. The article highlights the characteristic features of the new geopolitical reality based on a wide range of analytical methods. Systemic and structural-functional methods made it possible to trace the potential of “soft power” functionality in the system of interstate interaction. The formation of integration institutionalized supranational entities, their growing role and involvement in modern processes, has been traced using an institutional approach. In conclusion, there is a growing need to intensify dialogue on Eurasian integration and develop a comprehensive program to counter modern security challenges.
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The relevance of the study is related to the growing confrontation between Russia and the West, which is of a value-based and ideological nature. The consolidation of the multi-ethnic and multi-confessional people of Russia presupposes reliance on Russian civilizational heritage, reproduction of the ... unique value foundations of Russian identity in a multi-ethnic youth environment. In the domestic scientific and political community, an understanding of patriotism has formed as the desired national idea that unites the multinational Russian people. It is based on socio-political, sensory-emotional and social components, readiness for socially significant activities, protection of the country, its culture, history and the Russian language. The empirical basis was the data of a 2024 sociological study aimed at determining the unifying potential of Russian civilizational foundations in the assessments of multiethnic youth of the North Caucasus. The sample population consisted of university students from the multiethnic North Caucasian republics and the Stavropol region ( N = 1 500). Quotas by nationality and religion were allocated to compare the value profiles of various subgroups selected by ethnic and religious self-identification. The results of the study suggest persistent differences in the formation of Russian civilizational foundations between religious (Orthodox and Muslim) and non-religious young people. Presumably this is due to the high degree of individualism of non-religious young people. For them, patriotic principles that are collectivist in nature, associated with the defense of the country, culture, language and national consolidation are less significant. Variability in assessments of Russian civilizational foundations is largely determined by religious affiliation. In general, we can talk about a high level of formation of the Russian civilizational foundations of national unity in the minds of young people. The variability in their assessments is largely determined by their religious affiliation.
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The article examines the implementation of India's geo-economic strategy in the context of the formation of a new world order. The author analyzes the conceptual guidelines and strategic priorities of India as a key country in the Global South at the present stage. The paper identifies the competiti ... ve advantages and vulnerabilities of the geo-economic strategy of this country. The article studies the trade and industrial, energy, resource, transport and logistics, digital dimensions of India's geo-economic strategy and determines their characteristic features. Particular attention is paid to the consideration of India's cooperation with the USA, China, Russia, as well as key states of the Global South and Global North. As a result of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that in the face of the globalization crisis, the Republic of India intends to act as an international actor promoting sustainable interaction between the countries of the Global South and the Global North. In addition, India intends to consistently defend its national interests. This position is to allow India to benefit from cooperation with both developed and developing countries. This position will enable India to become a key economic and technological center in the structure of the new world order. The Republic of India's implementation of its geo-economic strategy is associated with certain risks. India is trying to mitigate these risks through active participation in multiple international partnerships.
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There are extremely few studies on the living conditions of Russians in Turkmenistan and the peculiarities of their interaction with representatives of the titular nation. Meanwhile, after the collapse of the USSR, one of the largest diasporas in the world was formed on the territory of Turkmenistan ... . This article provides the results of an empirical study of the peculiarities of ethnic and cultural identity of representatives of the Russian diaspora of Turkmenistan, where the Russians position was assumed to be vulnerable in the conditions of a closed society that was formed under the conditions of the authoritarian Turkmen state. The study is based on the constructivist approach, in which ethnicity is seen as a construct at the level of peoples self-identification and as a result of shared practices and lifestyle. According to the results of the exploratory study, Russians born in Turkmenistan can be identified with both Russian culture and the culture of the titular ethnic group. Thus, it can be stated that there are features of biculturalism, reflected in their lifestyle, cultural and social preferences. The cultural identity of Russians is combined with a positive attitude to Turkmen traditions and everyday practices. It is allowed to adapt and reproduce these practices if it is necessary for access to work, study and other social resources. The identity of Russians living in Turkmenistan can therefore be characterized as a hybrid identity, which includes the characteristics of two interacting ethnic communities. At the same time, the civic identity of Russians in Turkmenistan is dominant compared to the ethnic identity. There is no discrimination based on ethnicity.
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The presented article addresses the issue of studying the concept of socialization. The purpose of this article is to study the concept of language socialization as a problematic sociocultural area. This article examines language socialization through the prism of sociocultural theory, as well as aт ... ethnographic approach that plays an important role in constructing a language socialization paradigm. The authors analyze the influence of language on the formation and development of sociocultural aspects of personality, paying special attention to the interaction of linguistic and cultural factors. The work examines the mechanisms of linguistic socialization as a means of transmitting and preserving sociocultural heritage, understanding and interpreting cultural values, norms and customs. The article concludes that socialization can be viewed as a continuous, interactive or dialogic process. On the one hand, verbal interaction allows for the transmission of sociocultural beliefs, structures and practices. At the same time, cultural systems and social contexts influence the ways in which people acquire the communicative competence necessary to successfully interact in community speech. The language socialization paradigm suggests that language and culture represent distinct goals acquired over a range of different sociocultural contexts.
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This article highlights the results of a study of the socio-economic potential of national identity in ensuring Russia’s societal security in the context of the “Caspian Cooperation” format. Interdisciplinary analysis (socio-philosophical, political-philosophical, socio-economic, societal approaches ... ) allowed the author to comprehend the significance of the consolidation of economic actors in realizing the socio-economic potential of national identity, as well as to identify its main components. Particular attention is paid to the implementation of Russia's national identity policy in the space of the Caspian macroregion. The author comprehends the inclusion of components of the socio-economic potential of national identity in projects of the “Caspian cooperation” format in the context of Russia’s interaction with Iran, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan. The result of the article is the conclusion about the need for expanded inclusion of components of the socio-economic potential of national identity in specific mechanisms for implementing programs of the interstate format of “Caspian cooperation”, as well as the importance of consolidated interaction of state (interstate) and public (societal) actors (social groups of large, medium and small businesses, as well as citizens) of the economic dynamics of national identity, which, to a large extent, ensures the sustainability of economic development and societal security of the Caspian macro-region.
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One of the full-fledged and unique national regions of the Russian Federation is the Republic of Kalmykia. The Kalmyks, having come to the Russian state from Central Asia at the beginning of the 17th century, forever linked their fate with the multinational people of Russia, occupying the steppes in ... the lower reaches of the Volga and along the banks of the Don and turned out to be the only ethnic group of “Asian origin” in Europe. They became part of their new Fatherland - Russia, having a rich material and spiritual culture, an original written language, whose roots go back to the old Mongolian tradition, possessing masterpieces of oral poetry, the pinnacle of which was the Kalmyk heroic epic “Dzhangar”. Being in the space of the Russian state for more than four centuries, they, together with all the multinational people of their country, endured the most severe suffering and social cataclysms that fell to its lot, experienced the joy of victories and achievements of their great power. One of the most difficult and controversial for the Kalmyk people is the Soviet stage of national-linguistic construction, which falls on the 20th century and is considered by us in the context of modernization processes. From the point of view of methodology, the dialectological method is applied based on the principle of historicism, which allows studying the process of development of the Kalmyk language in relation to a specific historical situation. The work uses historical-comparative, historical-systemic, the principle of scientific objectivity, system analysis and interdisciplinary methods. The relevance of the study is dictated primarily by the problems associated with the threat of extinction of the Kalmyk language, understanding the historical and cultural heritage as a source of obtaining new knowledge in the spiritual sphere, achieving stability and harmony in society, educating the younger generation on the heroic past of the people and the formation of an all-Russian identity. The article considers the results of a comprehensive study of language as one of the fundamental values of the national culture of the Kalmyk people, allowing a person to identify himself with a particular nation in the context of globalization processes occurring in the world.
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The purpose of this paper is to explicate the meaning of the convergence of philosophical anthropology and practical philosophy, starting from the Modern era. Disclosing important aspects of their interaction allows us to return the anthropological correlation to the discourse on practice. Philosoph ... ical anthropology is considered in the article as one of the traditions of studying man, which attracted attention mainly in the twentieth century. The approach proposed in the article allows us to clarify the disciplinary status of philosophical anthropology in the system of philosophical knowledge. This problem is solved using the material of the German project of philosophical anthropology (I. Kant, M. Scheler, H. Plessner, A. Gehlen, K. Wulf, O. Marquardt). The connections between anthropology and ethics, the features of the philosophical-anthropological and moral-ethical conceptualization of practice are analyzed. It is substantiated that rethinking the idea of philosophical anthropology allows us to reintroduce the Kantian point of view, the results of which are recognized as “turning points”. It is noted that Kant made an important step towards the “anthropological regime of philosophy” as a mode of philosophical thinking that seeks the possibility of substantiating universal significance through research into the factuality of human coexistence. Thus, it turns out that the problem of the ontological foundation of practical philosophy receives a new impetus for discussion. A conclusion is made about the advisability of revising a number of stereotypes regarding Kant's anthropology. The conclusions made help clarify the meaning of the “practical turn” in philosophy and science.
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The book “Methodology of Election and Referendums Observation” (Romashov R.A. et al.), published under the auspices of the Council Secretariat of the CIS Interparliamentary Assembly, contains an attempt to study and define the methodology of international election observation. The approach of the te ... am of authors is to separate the methodology and methods of election observation. The monograph attempts to formulate a system of principles of international election observation, taking into account the experience of the main historical forms of international election observation, their weaknesses and achievements. The monograph offers a model for systematizing the methodology, methods and techniques of modern international election observation.
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