Issue 2024 No. 4 (81)

The presented scientific publication, based on the documents of the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire (AWPRI) and special historical literature, examines the Caucasian vector of foreign policy of Russia, Iran and Turkey in a relatively small but fateful chronological segment from the K ... ermanshah Treaty of 1732 to the Ganja Treaty of 1735. The authors emphasize that the Russian-Iranian and Russian-Ottoman the relations determined the geopolitical situation in the region, in particular in Dagestan. Dominance in the Caucasus region was a priority for each of the contending parties in their eastern policy. It is stated that during the confrontation in the region of the neighboring great powers, the advantage could only be provided to the side that would be able to subdue Primorsky Dagestan. It is emphasized that during the period under study, the policy of the Russian government was cautious and flexible. For the St. Petersburg court, it was of strategic importance to preserve the state of the Iranian-Turkish confrontation and prevent their alliance. This was the only way to ensure the balance of power in the region. The authors conclude that during the uncompromising Ottoman-Iranian confrontation in the region, which negatively affected the socio-economic and political situation, there is a gradual increase in the pro-Russian orientation of local peoples who sought protection from the Russian Empire and saw it as a counterweight to the expansionist aspirations of Iran and Turkey during the period under review.
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The article deals with the organization, peculiarities and main methods of spiritual and moral education of prisoners in penitentiary institutions of Saratov province in the middle of the 19th century. The subject of the study is the processes of organization of spiritual and moral influence and lit ... eracy training of prisoners. The methodological basis of the article was formed by the principles of objectivity, historicism, philosophical and general scientific methods. The aim of the research is to study the educational process in relation to the persons serving a sentence of imprisonment at its initial stage. As a result of the conducted work the period of formation and legislative fixation of the pro-process of education and spiritual and moral education of prisoners, and also the problems arising at realization of the specified processes are considered. It is concluded that the spiritual and moral correction of prisoners was mainly achieved through literacy and writing. The author also draws attention to the fact that the prisoners were given various kinds of talks about the sacraments of the Church, secular and fiction literature, which was also important for their spiritual and moral correction. The author draws attention to the fact that the positive dynamics of the correctional process was in direct dependence on the level of financing of prisons and the availability of necessary facilities for all correctional work.
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Turning to the pages of the history of Russian entrepreneurship during the period of industrial growth allows us to more deeply understand and evaluate a wide range of issues in the history of this period. The article explores the formation and development of a mechanical plant founded by the Bromle ... y brothers, which by the end of the century had become the leading industrial enterprise in Russia, demonstrating the results of reforms, industrial revolution and rise. The authors saw the task of reconstructing the organizational, legal and industrial transformations of the Bromley brothers' enterprise over the long period of time, using historical and chronological methods. The basis for this was the revealed historiographical gaps in the study of the breeders' “case”. The article demonstrates the evolutionary development of the Bromley brothers' industrial entrepreneurship from the traditional management of a merchant family business to the highest organizational form of a capitalist enterprise - a joint-stock company with the involvement of bank capital from one of the leaders of the Russian financial market. Unpublished documents of the Central Archive of Moscow were used for this purpose. The introduction of technical innovations, the formation of the enterprise structure based on modern principles for that time, the use of legislative opportunities allowed entrepreneurs to increase the scale of production in a short time, expand the product range, and capture a significant market segment. The article traces the “fate” of the Moscow industrial giant after 1917, the use of the economic potential by the Russian Empire by the Soviet government. As a result of the research, the authors conclude that conditions for the development of large industrial enterprises were created in the country. Significant processes of the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries are visible in the plant's activities, such as the modernization of the economy, monopolization of enterprises, and the creation of the mechanical engineering industry. The industrial achievements of the plant, which has been repeatedly awarded the highest state awards, were accompanied by an increase in the social and business status of its owners - from a merchant to the honorary title of a manufacturing adviser.
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The purpose of the publication is to analyze the state of nomadic animal husbandry - Nogais, Kalmyks and Turkmens - who lived in Stavropol province in the 19th - early 20th centuries. The nature of the material and spiritual culture of the nomadic peoples of Southern Russia was determined by the man ... agement of nomadic cattle breeding, which remained the basis of nomadic life for many centuries. However, in the first half of the 19th century, the livestock breeding of local peoples developed extremely slowly. To a large extent, this was explained by the peculiarities of the natural, climatic and geographical landscape of the areas inhabited by nomadic societies, as well as the epizootics raging in the region (cattle plague, anthrax, etc.). The scientific novelty of the work lies in the approach to studying the state of local animal husbandry, which consists in the ratio of statistics of livestock development with the number of population and areas of residence Nomads: the Achikulaksky bailiff, Bolshederbetovsky ulus and the Turkmen bailiff. The epizootic state of nomadic animal husbandry in the historical period under consideration is analyzed. As a result of the study, it was concluded that nomadic livestock breeding in Stavropol province, despite the absolute and relative reduction of livestock in certain historical periods (1850s, 1870-1880s, 1910s) maintained its rather strong positions in the North Caucasus, however, structural changes in livestock breeding of nomadic societies proceeded far differently. Steppe cattle breeding with extensive methods of breeding and caring for animals under the influence of numerous factors and the natural course of economic evolution, underwent transformations, which was expressed in the change of some economic forms with new, modern ones. Bolshederbetovsky ulus, the Achikulak and Turkmen bailiffs of Stavropol province remained the largest cattle-breeding regions of the North Caucasus.
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The relevance of the study is determined by the low level of study of the activities of naval agents at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. The purpose of this study is to study the specifics of ensuring confidentiality when working with naval agents with the information they receive. The sources o ... f information were archival materials of the Russian State Archive of the Navy for the years 1873-1912. The principles of historicism and objectivity, statistical analysis of archival materials made it possible to identify both information indicating the emergence of problems with the security of information received by naval agents, and measures taken to solve it. As a result of the conducted research, it was found that naval agents located in foreign countries have been closely monitored by the special services. There have been known attempts to steal information, seals and ciphers from agents. The problem was extremely serious, since the global political situation indicated that European states were approaching a “big” war for the redistribution of sales markets. In order to solve the problem of the security of confidential information in the hands of agents, ciphers and seals, the leadership of the Naval General Staff proposed to allocate orderlies from among the lower ranks who are on active duty and took the oath. In addition, in order to bring the office work of naval agents to a single denominator, the Naval General Staff was developed and sent for execution to naval agents, including the naval agent in Italy and Austria-Hungary, “Instructions to naval agents for traveling to foreign countries on service”. This document described in sufficient detail the rules of conduct of naval agents when they move through the territory of foreign states, methods of communication with the Naval General Staff, conditions for storing ciphers, seals and documentation. These measures made it possible to codify the rules for handling confidential information, improved professional skills and were supposed to eliminate possible errors.
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The Boxer Uprising in 1900-1901 and the subsequent occupation of Manchuria by Russian troops led simultaneously to the strengthening of Russian influence in the Far East and the deterioration of Russian-Japanese relations. As in any absolute monarchy, members of the Russian government could determin ... e the policy vector of their department with a high degree of freedom as long as the emperor agreed with it, which makes it especially important to reveal the role of the politicians' personalities and their views. Consequently, the purpose of the study is to reveal the process of formulation and decision-making of the Russian administration on the issue of Russia's actions in the Boxer Uprising in 1900-1901. In order to fulfill the goal, the study drew on memoirs of the main participants of the events, materials of correspondence between members of the Russian administration and diplomatic acts. The first two groups of sources contain exhaustive information about the plans and decision-making process of the Russian administration, while the acts reflect specific political steps and illustrate the specifics of the political background. The position of the administration, in essence, was to maintain a free hand and to strengthen its own rights regarding the CEL. These goals were achieved, however, at the cost of deteriorating relations with Japan, Great Britain and allied China, which made Russian domination in the region an unstable and temporary phenomenon.
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The author examines the materials of meetings of various government departments on the issue of modernization of the Anzeli port at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. The source body of the study is based on office documents of the Russian State Historical Archive, which present the position of re ... presentatives of technical specialists and the royal bureaucracy who participated in the discussion of the construction of the Anzeli port. The author came to the conclusion that the long duration of the project development was due to the extreme complexity of natural conditions: the mobility of the seabed of the Anzeli coastal area, the shallowing of the bay and the intensive formation of sand drifts. Marine engineers, who had experience in constructing port facilities on the Russian shores, were faced with the difficult task of constructing moles and carrying out dredging operations in completely new conditions. This situation required additional research and additional discussions. It also took some time to obtain the concession itself from the Persian Shah and to resolve the issue of establishing control over the Anzali-Qazvin Road Society, which was granted the said concession.
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20th century. The problem of using methods and approaches in anti-religious propaganda aimed at desacralizing the remains of Orthodox saints in the minds of the broad masses and eliminating the cult of the relics of Orthodox saints as such is explored. The most important role in this direction of an ... ti-religious propaganda was played by the Soviet public organization “Union of Militant Atheists of the USSR.” The above-mentioned public organization carried out wide and varied work aimed at desacralizing the relics in the consciousness of the Russian people. This article analyzes individual actions of Soviet atheists aimed at eliminating the cult of relics in the USSR. Various directions of this anti-religious work are considered. Characteristics are given and the significance of the desacralization of relics is determined, within the framework of the anti-religious activities of Soviet atheists, as a necessary measure for building an atheistic Soviet society. To prepare this article, we used archival documents stored in the funds of the State Archive of Socio-Political History of the Voronezh Region, rare and little-known periodicals, and literature relating to the time period under study. When writing the article, the author used the historical-systemic method of cognition and the principle of historicism.
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The actualization in modern conditions of the topic of representation of agrarian development and prospects of Siberia is associated with the need to create and study in detail the geopolitical images of the regions, considered as a necessary condition for successful political, economic and cultural ... decisions. Using the traditional principles and methods of positivism, on the basis of extensive factual material, the features of the formation of the image of Siberia are highlighted. Guidebooks to the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition of 1939-1941, which were not involved in domestic research on the history of Siberia of the Soviet period, are introduced into scientific circulation. It is shown that the main attention was paid to the forms and mechanisms of agrarian modernization. The early experience of Soviet modernity in the agricultural sphere was presented as a well-built system, the main blocks of which were collective management, technization, the development of science, new forms of labor organization, the development of new lands and the introduction of crops atypical for the region. A feature of the cultural and educational presentation of the project for the development of new lands of Siberia in the 30s of the 20th century was an organic interweaving of this topic into the general context of increasing efficiency in all branches of agriculture. The strategic goals and the all-Union significance of the changes were closely related to the improvement of the quality of life of the peasants. The representative series of the content of the expositions reflected the main provisions of the current scientific discourse. Artifacts and natural facts of the object-spatial environment created with the help of traditional genres of artistic culture and new technical means formed a vivid artistic image that provided a prolonged emotional effect. The communicative and educational components were provided by the methods of infotainment and sainstainment as the main ways of informing.
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The problems associated with the siege of Leningrad during the Great Patriotic War have become particularly relevant in modern conditions. The relevance of the appeal to the study of food problems is determined by the fact that the prolonged blockade led to famine among the population, an increase i ... n morbidity and mortality, and an aggravation of household problems. Their analysis helps to better understand the mechanisms of survival of the population in extreme conditions. The purpose of this work is to study food problems in the conditions of the siege of Leningrad, analyze the features of their solution, identify the main survival practices of Leningraders. The research was based on archival documents, periodical materials, diaries and memoirs. They contain data on food stocks, resource allocation, the number of people suffering from hunger, contain information about the work of canteens and catering facilities, allow you to track the dynamics of the food situation in the city, assess the scale of the food disaster in the city. The methodological basis of the research is the principles and methods of scientific cognition. The work uses the historical method, the method of analysis, induction and comparison. The article shows that in conditions of food shortage, hunger has become one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality. The city authorities have taken a number of measures aimed at combating hunger. Canteens, which played a key role in providing food to the population, became one of the most important aspects of the survival of the townspeople. However, despite the enormous efforts being made to supply the city with food, hunger and exhaustion of the population remained a serious problem until the end of the blockade.
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The relevance of the research is determined by the need to study the historical experience of implementing economic reforms in order to develop an optimal strategy for the development of the Russian Federation. On the basis of the now declassified documents from the RGANI funds, the problem of the r ... eorganization of the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance at the turn of the 1960s-1970s is considered, the factors that determined its necessity are identified. It is proved that the events in Czechoslovakia in 1968 and the difficulties in the economy caused both the Soviet leadership and the governments of the participating countries to adjust the strategy regarding the activation of integration processes within the CMEA. The conclusion is formulated that the Soviet leadership had sufficient information about the economic and internal party situation in the study period in the COMECON member countries, it was familiar with the results of the analysis of Western analysts and Soviet specialists. These conclusions, as well as the positions of the parties involved in discussions on the further activities of the CMEA, could not be ignored when developing a program on further integration, the need for which was objective and was caused, first of all, by urgent internal economic problems, the growing technological gap from Western countries. Among the key areas where this lag was observed was the production of modern computer technology and instrumentation. In general, the interstate coordination of cooperation between countries within the framework of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, based on the international division and cooperation of labor, taking into account the economic interests of all participants in the integration association, has proved its effectiveness.
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Democratization of society and development of information and communication technologies in the Internet era make it relevant to consider communication aspects as the basis for the legitimacy of modern power. Communication makes possible the political participation of citizens in making a number of ... political decisions, and the use of digital platforms allows to expand the number of people involved in such processes. The purpose of this article is to conceptualize communication as the basis for the legitimacy of modern power in the information society based on the analysis of the works of representatives of neo- (Julius Habermas) and post-Marxism (M. Castells). The article analyzes the main works of J. Habermas and M. Castells related to the problems of modern power relations, among which it is appropriate to mention “Theory of Communicative Activity”, “Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action”, “Post-National Constellation and the Future of Democracy”, “The Power of Communication”, “The Internet Galaxy”, “The Power of Identity”. The study is theoretical in nature. The work uses a systematic approach that allows for a critical analysis of the concepts of power of the representatives of renewed Marxism, general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as a comparative method. An analysis of the works of J. Habermas allows us to assert that communication both within society and between society and power is becoming an important basis for legitimacy in modern conditions. However, this is not only formal codified communication, but also communication both among the population and between the population and officials, which can be legitimized by shared moral standards. M. Castells goes beyond physical interaction, assigning great importance to online communication between society and power. However, it is the network, according to the scientist, that threatens the legitimacy of power in a modern nation state. Modern theoretical sociology and political science brings to the agenda issues of conceptualizing the legitimacy of power in the context of deglobalization at the level of world-renowned scientists.
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The problem of power is one of the central topics of political science and has always aroused increased interest, both from representatives of the scientific community and the subjects of power themselves. Of particular value are those cases where existing politicians themselves are trying to scient ... ifically understand what the essence of power is, what its capabilities (limits) are and what it should be. In this sense, the scientific heritage of E. M. Primakov is important not only for general political science, but also is of great interest for disciplines such as elitology, geopolitics, and international relations. This paper analyzes his understanding of the essence of the category of “power” in the context of Russia's foreign and domestic policy in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. This work examines in detail various aspects of the category of “power”, which runs like a red thread through all the works of E. M. Primakov. Power itself is the most important feature of the political elite, and Yevgeny Maksimovich constantly focuses his reader's attention on this matter. He especially highlights such a variable of political power as the alignment of forces within the elite at a specific historical moment.
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The study of the 1994 Rwandan genocide appears critical to understanding the mechanisms of mass violence and ethnic conflict. The main goal of the study is a comprehensive study of historical, political and social prerequisites, coverage of the topic in domestic political science. Methods of histori ... cal analysis of archival documents, content analysis of media materials, sociological surveys and comparative analysis within the framework of other cases of genocide were used. The study's findings suggest that colonial legacies, internal political conflicts and international inaction played a key role in the escalation of violence. The Rwandan genocide was the result of long-term structural problems and the deliberate actions of both internal and external actors. The death of 800,000 people in three months is due to the fact that since 1993, the Rwandan government began a large-scale campaign to arm the population. The relevance of the study is due to the very scarce material in domestic historical and political science on this topic, which required a comprehensive analysis of relevant foreign literature, and also necessitated a survey of indigenous Rwandans. This study highlights the need to understand ethnic sociopolitical processes to prevent similar tragedies in the future.
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As a result of the unleashing of a hybrid war and the introduction of anti-Russian sanctions, the issues of further development of the Eurasian integration process, closely related to changes in the political leadership of the new state entities of Eurasia, are becoming relevant again. The aim of th ... e work is to identify relevant aspects of the transformation process of the political landscape of Eurasia due to the coming to power of a new generation of political actors. The materials for the article are changes in the leadership of the EAEU member states, their foreign policy orientation and international contacts of these states, as well as scientific works of domestic and foreign authors on the transition to a multipolar world order. Comparative-analytical and other general scientific methods, historical, transdisciplinary, systematic approaches are used for the analysis. The results of the study were discussed at scientific conferences in the countries of Eurasia (Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Russia), the Eurasian Scientific Forum. The analysis is based on the principle of historicism and made it possible to show new aspects in the foreign policy of the former Soviet republics, their participation in the transformation of the political landscape on the continent. There was an opportunity to characterize the features of the changing generations of political actors, to identify the need to expand the scientific and educational space based on the traditional values of Euro-Asian peoples. Attention is paid to the terminology used in the modern political science lexicon, some clarifications of the concepts used are proposed.
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With the increase in geopolitical tensions and the intensification of conflicts in the world, there is a need to address the problems of political dialogue. Violations of the global security system underline the importance of discussing this issue. In such circumstances, the relevance of the issues ... of political dialogue becomes especially significant. The ability to find compromises and negotiate is the key to preventing wars, settling contradictions and developing international cooperation. This article analyzes the role of political dialogue in building a just world order based on the principles of multilateralism, respect for sovereignty and consideration of the interests of all countries. It considers the importance of addressing sensitive national security issues in order to build mutual trust during negotiations. The study is based on the materials of leading specialists in the field of international relations, official documents of international organizations, expert assessments and practical experience of multilateral diplomacy. The methods of content analysis, comparative historical analysis, extrapolation of trends are used. The analysis concludes that constructive political dialogue is of key importance for agreeing on the principles of a new world order, adopting confidence-building measures in the security sphere, and jointly countering modern global challenges. It is proposed to build up multilateral formats of dialogue and strengthen the role of authoritative international platforms. Particular emphasis is placed on the need for open and honest dialogue with all interested players in order to develop balanced and long-term solutions that reduce the risks of conflict and promote sustainable development while taking into account the interests of each State.
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This article is devoted to the problem of the implementation of the “synthetic man” as opposed to the “prelude man” in the philosophy of F. Nietzsche. The study of this philosophical and anthropological typology developed by F. Nietzsche is extremely relevant, since in the course of this study a suc ... cessful attempt is made to trace the influence of F. Nietzsche's ideas on the postclassical style of philosophizing. The study is carried out based on a number of sources that are essential for revealing the topic: texts by J. Bataille, M. Merleau-Ponty, M. Heidegger, K.G. Jung. The article analyzes the Nietzschean concept of “fragmentarity” of man, which the author associates with “anthropological incompleteness”: the impossibility, under certain historical conditions, of coordinating the essential components that make up a person in a consistent unity. The author associates this impossibility with both the problematic separation of human being from the existing, and with the “habit” of seeing fragments of reality and never seeing its integrity. This work creatively combines various philosophical concepts that characterize the uniqueness of Friedrich Nietzsche's philosophical thinking in solving problems of philosophical and anthropological typology, identifying the essential features of the phenomenon of “symphonicity / syntheticity” of human nature and determining the creative potential of the “new man”. The result of the study is an original conceptual move: according to the author, the philosophical and anthropological typology developed by Friedrich Nietzsche makes it possible to rethink the phenomenon of creativity and radically abandon the dichotomous model of man, overcoming the subject-object gap and returning to a holistic attitude.
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The article is devoted to the consideration of the concept of activity approach in education. This phrase is used everywhere, and as a rule, each author puts a different meaning into its content. Obviously, when considering this problem professionally, the term should have clear boundaries and a rel ... atively strict, preferably unambiguous understanding. To find these boundaries, the authors used not the method of listing the positions of different authors, but the method of using alternative concepts, usually not used in scientific and pedagogical texts. Therefore, if there is an activity-based approach to education, then there must also be an “inactivity” approach, which would be more correct to call the “theoretical” approach. Even a little immersion in pedagogical anthropology and the history of our civilization allows us to see that the age of the activity approach in education should not be counted from the 20s of the twentieth century, as it is claimed by many supporters of the reasoning about the activity approach, its life expectancy is measured for millennia. More precisely, with an activity-based approach to education, all education once began - initially, people learned anything in the process of performing the activity itself. The development of the sphere of production and the complication of social processes have led to the need for a strict separation of learning from activity. Learning by inclusion in the activity turned out to be neither effective nor rational, and the attempt of a number of modern researchers to develop an active approach to education turns out to be not productive.
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The article analyzes the problem of development discourses in political science and related fields. The dominant concept of sustainable development faces serious problems, which prompts the scientific community to search for alternatives. Based on the analysis, the author states that in modern condi ... tions it is increasingly important to develop new approaches to development on the basis of existing ones for their subsequent implementation in political practice. Paying attention to the philosophical-historical (historiosophic) approach to development, the representatives of which were such German classical idealist philosophers as Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, the author points out the inherent historical finalism of this approach. Special attention is paid to the analysis of linear and civilizational approaches in their diversity. Much attention is paid to the civilizational approach, which proceeds from the plurality of cultures, which is more in line with the idea of multipolarity. In addition, cyclic and wave concepts of world development are becoming increasingly popular as an alternative to linear progressivism. In the framework of these concepts, a break in the paradigm of world development is associated with the ideas of singularity, the onset of which is predicted for the period of 2040s-2050s. According to the author, none of the presented approaches can be the only correct one to be realized in practice. This means the need for a rational complex synthesis of different intellectual platforms in order to harmoniously adapt them to the current and future political realities at the national and international levels.
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The article is devoted to the phenomenon of civil religion. This concept explains the emergence of important symbolic value systems in the modern world, which are centered on such concepts as “nation”, “people”, “ethnos” and other ethnic and social groups. The article examines the concept of civil r ... eligion, its transformation in the modern world during the processes of globalization and glocalization. A number of elements of civil religion that are associated with the modern picture of identity, including Russian, Kalmyk and Oirat, are analyzed. The theoretical basis of the research was the scientific publications of domestic and Western scientists devoted to civil religion. The article uses general scientific methods - analysis, evaluative-descriptive (descriptive) and comparative-historical. The modern Kalmyk identity is inextricably linked with Buddhism, which occupies a traditional place in society, forming key ritual practices and symbolism, and unites the ethnic group. Having replaced traditional religion as an important factor in the integration of society, civil religion was initially aimed at shaping the value of the nation, national feeling. However, at present, the abstract concept of the nation is being replaced by a more complex picture of identities, including social, professional, and ethnic identities. The blurring of national borders leads to the fact that the phenomenon of civil religion can now be traced in various communities that surround themselves with symbolic systems, and therefore with symbols and rituals that are part of a “cult” designed to affirm the value of this community.
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The article analyzes the monograph by Ya. A. Plais “The political elite of post-Soviet Russia: stages of transformation, problems of improvement”, published by the publishing house “Political Encyclopedia” in 2024. The author of the study believes that, despite the presence of numerous scientific pu ... blications on various aspects of elite education, there is a need to prepare a complete work compactly combining disparate articles written over the past 20 years, representing the dynamics of the process of studying and transforming Russia's political elites during the transition period. In the introductory article, the author outlines the need for a scientific understanding of how the process of elite education has evolved in Russia, what are its positive and negative sides. The author's concept of a social revolution with an uncertain vector of development is set out on a par with the fourth industrial revolution and the sixth technological revolution. The author offers his understanding of the peculiarities of the transitional states of various types of elite formation, believing that they are influenced by special features of the political system, the historical experience of the country, external forces and shadow circumstances. Special attention is paid to the systemic modernization of state and public life in Russia. Theoretical reflections on the transformation of elites in transitional epochs and its features in modern Russia are of interest. At the end of the article, the problems of the formation and rotation of Russia's political elites in the dissertations of Russian political scientists are considered.
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Book by Ilya Khokhlov “History of Russia. Enlighteners, statesmen, military men and heroes, writers and artists, events, dates, facts. Monument to the Millennium of Russia” (2024) is a popular science study dedicated to one of the most significant monuments of Russia. The Monument to the Millennium ... of Russia (1862) as a symbol of Russian history plays an important role in historical policy at the regional and national level, this means the relevance of scientific and popular science books about the monument. Ilya Khokhlov's book worthily continues the three-century list of guides to the monument, reflecting the trends of modern historical enlightenment. The richly illustrated edition contains one scientific essay on the history of the monument and 109 biographies of the monument's historical figures, written in a popular science style. The title and structure of the book follow the architectural solution of the monument, the author managed to show the history of Russia vividly and objectively through brief information about the figures of the monument. Ilya Khokhlov's book should be perceived first of all as a bright and objective popular science guide to the Millennium Monument of Russia, its scientific value is embodied in the essay. The lack of any generalising finale after a succession of biographies can be considered a drawback of the work. The publication also lacks original research on the historical significance of the monument and its international context.
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