Issue 2025 No. 1 (82)

The study of the formation and development of industrial taxation in a historical context makes it possible to determine the causes of economic growth and an increase in the standard of living of the population of both individual regions and the country as a whole. The reform of the Russian tax syst ... em during the period of socio-economic transformations of the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries allowed us to achieve positive dynamics of industrial growth and national welfare, therefore, this experience urgently requires careful study, which determines the relevance of our research. The purpose of the article is to determine the size and dynamics of industrial taxation in the Kingdom of Poland in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries by studying the industrial development of the Privislensk provinces and comparing their level of taxation with the taxation of other industrial regions of the Russian Empire. The sources for our research were, first of all, the yearbooks of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Empire, as well as other reference publications of the period under study. The leading method of research is historical and comparative, methods of synchronization and system-functional analysis were also used. As a result of the conducted research, we came to the conclusion that there was an established system of industrial taxation in the Kingdom of Poland of the period under study, which allowed us to collect significant amounts of money from the taxation of industry and trade, exceeding similar revenues from other industrial regions of Russia, such as the Urals and the Southern Industrial region. Of particular importance is the fact that the volume of industrial products produced in other regions of our country exceeded the similar indicator of the Privislensk provinces.
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The scientific article examines the activities of one of the members of the Society of Naval Officers, Captain 2nd Rank I. G. Engelman, on the theoretical substantiation and subsequent popularization for military specialists and the general public of new approaches in the process of physical, intell ... ectual, spiritual and moral training for the lower ranks of the Russian army and Navy. In his work, Captain 2nd Rank I. G. Engelman tried to develop an educational program for military recruits from the peasant class in the early twentieth century. The naval officer reasoned that the quality of professional training of sailors and non-commissioned officers was one of the reasons for the defeat in the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905. The theses of the author's educational program aroused considerable interest among the members of the Society of Naval Officers. The educational program was discussed by future prominent Russian naval commanders who proved themselves during the First World War. Captain I.G. Engelman, 2nd Rank, has repeatedly published his thoughts on the upbringing of a Russian peasant sailor and a non-commissioned officer of the Navy on the pages of the periodical of the Society of Naval Officers. The actual social activities of Captain 2nd rank I. G. Engelman's book was one of the first attempts to approach the recruitment of the lower ranks of the Russian Navy from the point of view of pedagogical science.
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Russian Germans moved to the territory of Kabarda in the 60s of the 19th century. The transformation of the German population during the period of socialist construction is analyzed. The participation of the German population in the development of the socio-economic life of the region is revealed: p ... artnerships for joint cultivation of land, agricultural artels, communes functioned. Particular attention was paid to the development of culture, national councils were created in two villages, work was carried out to eliminate illiteracy, the German language was taught at school and culture was developed. During the period of total collectivization, the Germans, like other peoples, were subjected to dispossession. The causes and effects of the system of political repressions are revealed. - The problem of Russian Germans deported in 1941 from the territory of Kabardino-Balkaria is comprehensively studied. The factors of forced resettlement of Germans and the difficulties of adaptation in places of special settlements are studied. The legal status, housing and living conditions and food supply are revealed. The work activity in the places of special settlements and in the work battalions was studied. The conclusion was made that the Russian Germans took an active part in the socialist modernization of the region's development. Nevertheless, they were subjected, like other peoples, to political repression and forced resettlement. Despite the most difficult trials that they had to endure, the Soviet Germans remained faithful to their second homeland, made a worthy contribution to the socio-economic development of the USSR, the achievement of Victory in the Great Patriotic War.
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The article analyzes the specifics of the implementation of the state church policy towards the Russian Orthodox Church during the Great Patriotic War in the rear region, namely in the Kirov region. This region is unique in terms of the religious composition of the Orthodox population (supporters of ... the official Russian Orthodox Church, numerous groups of True Orthodox Christians, and a significant number of Old Believers). The purpose of this work is to analyze the specifics of the implementation of state policy towards the Russian Orthodox Church in the Kirov region, namely, the reasons for the change in priorities of state policy towards the Russian Orthodox Church and the specifics of the implementation of its main directions in the rear region, cooperation between local government authorities and the Russian Orthodox Church to consolidate society to fight the enemy and form a patriotic position. charity, a focus on labor achievement for the benefit of the state and society, a sense of mutual assistance. The author relies on an analysis of scientific literature on the topic and archival documents, as well as in-depth interviews of home front workers and citizens evacuated to the region.
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The article is devoted to the actions of units and formations of the Red Army to repel enemy air raids during the Stalingrad offensive operation. The relevance of the research is determined by the need to summarize previously published works on the topic and introduce new archival and stock material ... s into scientific circulation. The purpose of the work is to tell about air defense in the period from November 19, 1942 to February 02, 1943. The source base is based on materials from the collections of the Battle of Stalingrad Museum-Reserve and the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. The work also uses previously published literature, including foreign authors. An ideographic method was used to describe the facts, phenomena and events of the activities of military authorities. The materials of the article give a general idea of the enemy's air force and our air defense systems. The study examines the issue of providing the enemy with material resources by air. A special place in the work is devoted to the study of the organization and conduct of a special operation for the air blockade of the surrounded group. In conclusion, the results of the activities of the Wehrmacht aviation and the air defense of our units in the last period of the Battle of the Volga are summarized.
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The Soviet people showed unprecedented courage and bravery at the front and in the rear for the sake of victory over Nazi Germany and its allies. The article notes that the fate of the Soviet state was being decided in the oil-bearing Caucasus. The study revealed that in the very first days of the w ... ar, labor Chechnya declared its faith in victory over its worst enemy and called on everyone to work conscientiously. Work in the fields of Chechnya did not stop around the clock, the Krasny Molot plant, a large machine-building plant in the city of Grozny for the production of military products, did not stop for a single day. Scientists and engineers of Grozny, railway workers, members of the Republican Union of Artists, actors of the Chechen National Theater named after H. Nuradilov made their contribution to the defense of Grozny. The comprehensive assistance of the Soviet people to the front helped to raise the morale and morale of the soldiers. The selfless work of the home front workers achieved the military superiority of the USSR over Nazi Germany. The article concludes that Chechen workers contributed to the great Victory of the Soviet people, whose merit was appreciated seventy years later with the awarding of the title “City of Military Glory” to the city of Grozny.
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Electoral reform studies have traditionally relied on comparative, quantitative, and institutional approaches. However, in recent years, scholars have begun to focus on rare and innovative methodological approaches that provide a deeper understanding of the complex processes of electoral change. Thi ... s article examines three such methods: ethnographic research, agent-based modeling, and Q-methodology. The article highlights the importance of using these rare methods to gain a more complete and profound understanding of electoral reforms. They allow researchers and policymakers to account for the many factors that influence the success of electoral change and contribute to the development of more effective and socially acceptable reforms. However, there are limitations to using these methods, including resource costs, difficulties in generalizing results, and methodological issues. To obtain the most comprehensive and reliable results, it is recommended to combine these methods with traditional approaches, which will compensate for their shortcomings and enhance their advantages. The choice of a method or combination of methods should be based on the objectives of the study, the resources available, and the specific features of the context under study. When used correctly, these rare methods can significantly enrich the understanding of electoral reforms and contribute to the development of more effective and socially acceptable policy decisions.
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The study analyzes the digitalization of public services in various countries, including the United States, the European Union, Russia, China and developing countries such as Indonesia, Nigeria and Bolivia. The aim of the work is to identify the features of the approaches underlying the digital tran ... sformation of public administration both at the national level and at the level of urban management. The research is based on reports from international organizations exploring digital transformation of public administration, applied research on the implementation of the digital state strategy and e-government tools in specific countries and regions. The analysis identifies achievements and obstacles in the implementation of information and communication technologies (ICT), as well as the impact of these initiatives on the interaction between the state and citizens. The article identifies such common strategic agendas and problems as the access of citizens and organizations to open data; the ability to adapt and provide opportunities for constructive involvement of citizens in the decision-making process; maintaining citizens' trust in digital public services; overcoming digital inequality. The results of the regional and country analysis indicate the need to prioritize adaptability and transparency of the digitalization of the state, as well as thoughtful and effective inclusion of citizens in these processes. A logical conclusion highlights the need to expand digitalization strategies by taking into account local conditions and needs, and international cooperation in addressing sustainable development challenges.
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The main objective of this article is to identify trends in building a hierarchy of basic identities and assess the specifics of national / ethnic identity in the public opinion of the population of the post-Soviet Caspian countries. The article is based on the results of a series of field sociologi ... cal studies conducted with the support of the Russian Science Foundation in 2022-2024 in the Russian Caspian region (Astrakhan Region, the Republic of Dagestan, the Republic of Kalmykia), the Republic of Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and the Republic of Azerbaijan. The results of the study showed that in the public opinion of the majority of the population of the post-Soviet space of the Caspian region, a certain hierarchy of bases (dimensions) for constructing identity is formed, where the leading one is civic identity, which is associated, first of all, with birth and residence in a given territory, and only then with citizenship. The second most important identity in Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan unexpectedly turned out to be the “Soviet people” identity, and in Russia and Azerbaijan - the national-ethnic identity, which in all Caspian post-Soviet regions is formed on the basis of cultural traditions, national mentality and language. Such features of the configuration of identity bases can be both a factor defragmenting the Caspian society, but also serve as a consolidating factor in opposing the dominance of non-traditional trends in the global world.
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The article considers the cultural and educational policy of the Caspian countries, which shapes both the national identity of individual states and the macro-identity of the Caspian region as a whole. Therefore, the author considers two aspects: the policy of constructing national identities direct ... ly in each of the Caspian countries and attempts to form a unified socio-cultural space of the Caspian macro-region. The aim of the article is to identify the factors of the specificity of constructing national identity through the use of the scale of images “Friend - Other - Foe - Enemy” in the cultural and educational space. Both internal (heterogeneity and mosaic) and external (multi-vector foreign policy) factors are taken into account. Under the influence of these factors, the cultural and educational policy is built, where the dominance of the ethnic component of identity becomes a determining factor. Like all post-Soviet countries, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan use similar mechanisms to create new forms of memory politics - mythologising the past, reassessing shared history with Russia as a victim of trauma and forecasting future possibilities on the basis of their own heroic past. All these processes are aimed at creating a new national identity (meta-identity) that connects different ethnicities and confessions under the aegis of the titular ethnicity. The article analyses cultural and educational policy through the prism of comparative analysis of national history and local history courses and textbooks for general education and higher education institutions. The article is a continuation of a series of studies on the problem of constructing national identity in the post-Soviet space of the Caspian region.
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In modern philosophy, the principle of historicism is one of the main principles, determining the nature of cognition and explanation of social consciousness. The task of establishing the authenticity of the principle of historicism in the scientific analysis of mass consciousness in order to identi ... fy the latter is actual. The aim of the article is to apply the historical approach in the context of philosophical comprehension of the nature of mass consciousness. Two factors explain the choice of this position more than others: the subject of research is a matter of social philosophy, and the phenomenological characteristics of mass consciousness imply a holistic view. Philosophical understanding operates with such attributes of mass cognition as form and meaning. Thus, the point of reference can be a look at the history of the space of forms of this phenomenon, in which the meaning, prompted by culture and time, is produced. Mass consciousness is a holistic formation in the unity of empirical, existential and communicative aspects, not a mosaic set of different elements. This makes it a phenomenon not only of national culture or the culture of a certain historical period, but also of culture as a way of being human. In this respect, mass consciousness contains a protective mechanism for preserving the diversity of the historical process. The dialectical-materialist orientation makes it possible to generalize the theoretical and practical understanding of mass consciousness. This approach makes it possible to identify the trends of change and movement of its worldview; to develop recommendations of practical orientation; to theoretically substantiate the reasons for the existence of existing, especially in the media, misconceptions about this phenomenon.
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The article addresses the practices of commerce in architecture and sculpture of the 20th-21st centuries. The subject of the study is famous memorials dedicated to the Second World War and the Great Patriotic War. The historical tragedy of the war is presented through the analysis of memorial cultur ... e, revealing different types of “talking” about the war. The application of methodological principles of post-metaphysical philosophy of history, the principles of narrative and spatial “turn” makes it possible to explicate the multiplicity and complexity of interpretations of the traumatic past. The monument is considered as a complex narrative that constructs history through various forms of visualization of cultural meanings. Four famous monuments (The Khatyn Memorial, The Shoes on the Danube Bank, The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, The Rzhev Memorial to the Soviet Soldier) are presented as forms of narratives that in their own way interpret the tragedy of the World War. The work substantiates the idea that the monument “materializes” the narrative nature of the past, productively combining the objectivity of history (memorials are dedicated to specific historical events) and the position of the narrator in collective memory (representing different “voices”). In deciphering the narrative nature of specific monuments, an “archetypal layer” of meanings is revealed, embedding the culture and politics of memory of the 20th-21st centuries (Modern societies) into universal practices of sacralization of the exploits and victims of war.
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This article is devoted to the problem of the subject and the principle of cogito proposed by René Descartes in the context of Jacques Lacan's psychoanalytic theory. The authors analyze how the Cartesian statement “Cogito ergo sum” (“I think, therefore I am”) gave rise to the autonomous and rational ... “Self”, which changed the philosophical and scientific paradigm until the 20th century. Following Sigmund Freud, the French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan proposed a project of revision of Cartesian subjectivity, emphasising the split of the subject in the registers of the Imaginary and the Symbolic. The authors examine how Jacques Lacan arrives at the concept of cogito as “the subject of the unconscious”. The article also deals in detail with the Lacanian concept of the subject's impossible choice between thinking and being by analogy with the expression “Trick or treat!”. It is demonstrated that René Descartes discovers the absolute existence of the subject, and for Jacques Lacan, cogito is what deprives the subject of such existence. The subject of psychoanalysis is the subject of incompleteness, loss and lack. In addition, the work touches upon Friedrich Nietzsche's ideas about the subject and Ludwig Wittgenstein's theory of language. The authors in the work rely on actual research of such representatives of psychoanalytic tradition as Calum Neil, Mladen Dolar, Slavoj Žižek and others. The article outlines the philosophical and socio-political conclusions from the psychoanalytic interpretation of cogito and subject.
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The article explores the fundamental differences between algorithmic aesthetics and the related areas in non-classical aesthetics. It finds grounds for algorithmic aesthetics to be methodologically more adequate than other numerous models to the study of digital art practices and art objects (which ... are created by artists-programmers, and the artistic image is embodied using modern technologies based on algorithms). The goal of the following article is to define the distinctive characteristics of digital art practices and to evaluate the viability of their research in the framework of algorithmic aesthetics. The author structures the theoretical concepts related to the subject of research of algorithmic aesthetics, including algorithmic art, science-art media art and art practices. Art practices allow to expand the creative toolkit and, therefore, to understand digital transformations in society and to cope with “algorithmic ultra-dependence”. The briefness of exhibition of the contemporary artifacts leads to their migration to the media space. At the same time, they keep on functioning thanks to computer algorithms. Algorithmic art practices are created by means of digital technologies by IT experts, who might at the same time identify themselves as researchers, choreographers and artists. The algorithmic system elaborated by programmers passes a stage of recreation of the artistic imagery already created by humankind, which is why human creativity is an integral part and a data source for algorithms.
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This article is devoted to the image of Prince Myshkin, one of the central characters of F. M. Dostoevsky's novel “The Idiot”. Traditionally, this image has aroused and continues to arouse interest. Of course, one of the most interesting angles of considering the hero created by Dostoevsky is the op ... portunity to comprehend him as a fool. This is exactly what the Christian interpretation of the image focuses on, which today, of course, is predominant in the space of scientific discourse. Analyzing the already existing views on Dostoevsky's hero, in this article we give a new, philosophical and anthropological interpretation of the image, and assert that Prince Myshkin is someone who lives by internal causation, ignoring the world of the present, where everything is held together by causal relationships. The hero discovers the human in himself and refuses to live according to the laws of society, the necessary conditions for existence in which are the refusal of the opportunity to speak his own language and the inability not to coordinate with others the truth about himself. In addition, Myshkin becomes the forerunner of Dostoevsky's idea of anthropodicy, which will finally take shape in the last novel of the great writer “The Brothers Karamazov”.
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The article deals of the fact that at present, in order to preserve state sovereignty, it is important to increase the level of civic education of citizens and their knowledge of the electoral process. The purpose of this work is to study the main narratives of social advertising of election campaig ... ns. The research object is the materials of the election campaign for the post of President of the Russian Federation in 2024 in the context of electoral innovations. The subject of the study are the narrativs of videofiles in the format of social advertising, shot by order of The Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation for the 2024 Presidential campaign. 17 videos were reviewed (classified as motivational (the main appeal is the importance of participating in elections), gaming (small films with a three-act plot structure) and animated (a series of cartoons that are a guide to the topic of the electoral process in Russia)) and a special episode of the animated series “New Prostokvashino”. It’s concluded that the main narratives related to innovations are the desire in the stories to focus on increasing civic participation, as well as increasing awareness of the election process and voting procedure; the universality of the dissemination of this information; a variety of channels for the dissemination of materials.
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