Issue 2023 No. 4 (77)

The article raises the problem of the origin and development of the image of the ideal man from the military-aristocratic environment, proposed by the Russian chronicles of the 11th–14th centuries and presented mainly by the dukes. The military aristocracy in the Middle Ages is under the scrutiny o ... f written sources and is a kind of reflection of the era, so the analysis of the ideal image of the Rus’ duke will allow us to consider some of the internal features of the worldview of a medieval person. It is stated that in the course of its development, the ideal male military-aristocratic image is transformed from the state of a warrior-ruler living in war and closely connected with the retinue into a noble and pious man, and the connection with the retinue is replaced by a connection with the church and the clergy. The emphasis on a man's physical strength remains as a fact, but also changes from a simple statement to a greater emphasis on aesthetic and physiometric indicators. In addition, at any stage of its development, the ideal male image is universal, going beyond the geographical boundaries of Rus' and finding analogies in foreign testimonies: at an early stage, mainly in Scandinavia and the East, and at a later stage, in the countries of Catholic Europe
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The relevance of the article, first, consists of the introduction into scientific circulation of new factual data about conspiracy letters – attributes of witchcraft practices used in Russia for several centuries. The purpose of the work is to show one of the reasons that urged to use such forms of ... influence, even among the clergy. The sources for the article were materials of the Appendix to the Astrakhan Diocesan Gazette for 1890 as well as the Russian and Soviet scientists, historians, philologists and ethnographers’ works devoted to the phenomenon of renounced reading in Russian society of the 17th–18th centuries. The article includes comparative, analytical and interpretive methods of scientific research. The key takeaways are that conspiracy letters and other witchcraft attributes were fairly common and ordinary elements, a so-called "bright household feature" of the Russian society’s daily routine at the end of the 17th century and a century later. Being a part of society, clerics also used, distributed and even created conspiracy letters. The incentives for such an attitude to witchcraft attributes could be inner estates intrigues as well common ignorance and everyday promiscuity.
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The contribution of the first Doctor of Sciences of Kalmykia, Ts.-D., is invaluable. Nominkhanov in the development of oriental science and, above all, in Mongolian and Turkic studies, which is highly appreciated in the scientific world and is generally recognized. The scientist lived a bright life, ... full of events on a global scale that affected the destinies of many peoples and entire states. Born before the October events in Russia, he took part in the Civil War on the side of the Reds, being the son of Kalmyk Cossacks, he experienced the repressive policies of the Soviet state directed against the Cossacks. Being a Kalmyk by nationality, the scientist, together with his people, survived the years of deportation to the eastern regions of the country (1943–1957) full of suffering and lawlessness. However, the tragic events did not break the spirit and will of the scientist, who received an excellent education in oriental studies in the capital's universities. Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) and Moscow. Overcoming difficulties, despite prohibitions and restrictions, Ts.-D. Nominkhanov served science all his life and was engaged in pedagogical and socio-political activities. At the same time, the creative and life path of the outstanding scientist has not yet become the subject of comprehensive, comprehensive study and deep understanding. This updates and defines the statement of the problem and the purpose of this work as a holistic study of the creative heritage of Ts.-D. Nominkhanov in the synthesis of its scientific, personal and sociocultural components. From a methodological point of view, this study represents an experience in building a comprehensive vision of the problem. For these purposes, methods of retrospective reconstruction of the scientist’s personality and his work, comparative historical analysis of biographical and scientific materials, methods of generalization and systematization, as well as the principle of objectivity are used, which makes it possible to synthesize all relevant aspects of the study of the problem and carry out a holistic study.
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The history of interregional contacts is one of the poorly studied topics of Russian historiography. Between Ufa and Astrakhan, despite the vast distances separating these cities, since the 18th century, at least, there have been stable and diverse ties. Many officials, including major administrator ... s, served in both cities. There were strong economic contacts, the basis of which was a common transport communication – the Volga River. With the development of shipping, they intensified, fish, caviar, wine, vegetables, fruits were brought from Astrakhan, and timber was rafted down the Volga from Ufa. The timber trade was the main one, in the semi-desert Astrakhan region there was an acute shortage of forests for heating and construction, a large amount of timber was consumed by fisheries. One of the largest fish merchants of the Caspian region was the merchants Bazilevskiye, who were of Ufa origin. And many Ufa and Astrakhan entrepreneurs were involved in the timber trade. Since the 1870s, branches of the same bank, the Volga-Kama Commercial Bank, operated in both cities. The surviving documentation makes it possible to accurately determine the composition of timber sellers and buyers. The main feature of the timber trade was the widespread use of sales on credit against promissory notes, short-term debt obligations.
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The article deals with the problems of regulating the peddling of food products by city public administrations in the capital cities of the Russian Empire in the last quarter of the 19th – early 20th centuries. The demand for this type of trade was determined by the availability to the consumer, cus ... tomer orientation and flexible assortment strategy. On the basis of published and unpublished materials, the influence of the legislative activity of the self-government bodies of St. Petersburg and Moscow on the control of this type of petty bargaining is investigated. The dichotomous attitude to peddling in metropolitan cities has led to the formation of peculiar control systems. The authorities of St. Petersburg regulated the auction with the help of strict restrictive measures with the help of “police officers”, the Moscow authorities tried to be more flexible about the device of the delivery and delivery of "edibles" in the city, finding a compromise between the needs of the consumer and the requirements of sanitary supervision. With the help of a comparative historical method, the effectiveness of mandatory regulations on peddling and daily orders of the police, the impact of these legislative acts on the quality of food products in the implementation of this type of bargaining was revealed. The study of the pre-revolutionary experience in controlling “moving trade” is relevant in our time, when the number of deliveries of goods directly to the consumer is growing.
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The relevance of considering this problem is explained by the need to clarify a number of already known facts, as well as to enrich the study of Kalmyk everyday life in the pre-revolutionary period with additional sources. The purpose of the study is to characterize the most important events for soc ... iety in the life of the Kalmyk Buddhist clergy in the late imperial period. Sources and methods. The study was carried out on the basis of the use of office materials from the Fund "Management of the Kalmyk People", stored in the National Archives of Kalmykia, most of which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The work is based on the application of a complex of general scientific and special-historical methods, first of all, the principles of historicism and objectivity. Results. The article provides a detailed description of two significant events that took place in the Kalmyk steppe of the Astrakhan province during the period under study: the election of the head of the Buddhist clergy in 1887 and the official approval of the statutes and curriculum in two Buddhist higher schools (Tzanit-Chore). The regulation and content of these events in the life of the Kalmyk clergy are evidence of the era: the bureaucratization of the process as a result of the streamlining of office work, the positive attention of the state to various faiths and the determining role of representatives of the clergy in the implementation of the described events in the light of some liberalization of social and confessional relations in Russia.
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The abolition of serfdom and the creation of a free labor market created the opportunity for the active development of internal migration in the form of the Volga region peasants working for seasonal earnings in the Volga-Caspian fishing region. High wages and demand for labor increased the labor mi ... grant’s flows throughout the second half of the 19th century and contributed to the resettlement of the population to the lower Volga and to the coast of the Caspian Sea. One of the elements of the regional implementation of the state policy of settlement outlying territories by attracting migration flows was the Charter of the Caspian Fishing and Seal Fisheries of 1865. Its provisions contributed to stimulating voluntary and economically beneficial migration to the Volga-Caspian fishing region. The goal is to analyze the transformation of the structure of fishing clusters in the Volga-Caspian fishing region under the influence of migration processes in 1861‒1914. The study was conducted on a wide source base, represented by official documents, which made it possible to trace the directions of state regulation of the fishing industry and identify the relationship between migration and economic pro-cesses. The authors come to the conclusion that the transformation of the structure of fishing clusters in the region was accompanied by a series of crises, conflicts between the involved parties and the development of mechanisms for adaptation of fisheries to new socio-economic realities.
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First Russian Revolution 1905–1907 affected all layers of Russian society and responded with a powerful social explosion to problems not resolved by the authorities. Study of the revolutionary process 1905–1907 Based on the materials of Astrakhan, the largest economic center of the Lower Volga regio ... n, it seems relevant, as it allows us to highlight not only the specifics of the development of the Astrakhan province, at a turning point in history, but also the general problems of the internal life of Russia, on the timely solution of which the stability of the country depended. The purpose of the article is to study the problem of the development of the strike movement in Astrakhan during the years of the First Russian Revolution. The article was prepared on the basis of local history sources - materials of regional periodicals and archival documents, introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. History of the Study of the Revolution 1905‒1907 in Soviet historiography is extensive, but the research of Soviet historians was carried out exclusively from the standpoint of the Marxist-Leninist paradigm. An analysis of modern domestic historiography has shown that the main tasks solved by researchers are the revision of methodology, key aspects of the problem, such as the activities of political parties and organizations, methods of struggle in various social strata, and, of course, regional studies [15; 16; 20]. In the course of work on the article, chronological, historical-genetic and historical-systemic methods were applied. The study showed that the Astrakhan workers, having demonstrated the ability to unite during the revolution, put forward only economic demands, many of which were eventually satisfied.
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The system of training shipbuilding engineers of Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute (SPbPI), which laid the foundations of the school of civil shipbuilding in Russia of the twentieth century, largely functions today. Initially, when creating the shipbuilding department (faculty sin ... ce 1917), the foundation for the training of marine engineers was practical classes, which, along with other university structures, were provided by the Maritime Museum of SPbPI. The purpose of this work was to analyze the creation and activities of the Maritime Museum in the system of scientific and technical training of marine engineers of Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute. The assessment of the contribution of the creator of the museum and the head of the department, Prof. K. P. Boklevsky, thanks to whom a lot of research and practical work was launched, the museum was equipped with advanced equipment and the library was equipped with the best collections of books on shipbuilding. The integration of the museum into the global shipbuilding processes thanks to its collections, the solution of a complex of problems in connection with the changes after the events of 1917 in Russia ‒ all these aspects are considered in the context of the university environment of the early twentieth century. The sources of this research were the funds of the archives of St. Petersburg, the works of K. P. Boklevsky, the memoirs of students and teachers, press materials, as well as a number of financial documents related to the activities of the Maritime Museum of SPbPI. Most of the archival documents are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, which allows us to present a complete picture not only of the functioning of the museum, but also of the creation of a system for training engineers for the Russian navy. Problem-chronological, system, comparative and statistical methods were used in the work, which allowed us to show the ability of Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute to create a center of attraction for all maritime affairs in Russia in order to train specialists for the construction of ships and other floating structures.
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The purpose of the article is to study the formation and activities of the medical service of the Astrakhan region on health protection and preventive work in student construction teams working in the Caspian region in the early 1970s. In recent years, in connection with the revival of the student m ... ovement, this topic is of great interest and is relevant. Scientific novelty of this study lies in the fact that for the first time the experience of creation and work of medical service of student squads in natural-climatic conditions of Astrakhan region was studied. The paper applied general scientific methods of historical research, which were used in describing the process of formation and development of the medical service of student squads, as well as allowed to trace the policy of the state and regional authorities to provide medical support of labor semesters. The article used normative acts of higher and regional authorities, statistical materials, as well as documents on health care from the fund of the specialized ministry of the State Archive of the Astrakhan region. The conclusions are made that the medical service of the Astrakhan region played a significant role in preserving the health of the student squads, which, in turn, ensured their smooth work and achievement of the set targets.
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Within the framework of the publication, an attempt was made to reconstruct and show the concept of the development of citizenship of regional societies in the ideological and political heritage of the founders of the movement of Siberian democratic regionalists (regionalists) ‒ N. M. Yadrintsev and ... G. N. Potanin. The purpose of the article is to identify the means of forming the civic activity of local communities in the political thought of the classics of regionalism. The study is based on published sources ‒ journalistic works of N. M. Yadrintsev and G. N. Potanin for the period 19th ‒ early 20th centuries. The emphasis is on journalistic articles by the ideologists of Siberian democratic regionalism, presented in the central and regional periodicals. The work used the methodological tools of political textology, aimed at understanding the text and its context. Research techniques of the "new intellectual history" were also used. This methodology is aimed at interpreting the ideas and ideals of a particular person, taking into account the paradigms and concepts prevailing in a certain era. The author comes to the conclusion that the basic elements of constructing the citizenship of regional communities in the political concept of the Siberian regionalism are the local press and the intellectual center, that is, the institution of higher education. It is shown that the ideology of Siberian democratic regionalism was characterized by an integrative and federalist character.
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International electoral support is able to contribute to the formation and development of democratic systems, implement the adjustment of electoral institutions that ensure the conduct of elections, credible voters and foreign observers. The effectiveness and efficiency of electoral assistance is qu ... ite difficult to measure quantitatively and qualitatively, and criticism of international support programs is based on the argument of increasing the risks of electoral security. At the same time, the potential risks associated with the participation of sovereign states in international electoral support programs are only one of the challenges to electoral security, systemic approaches to the analysis of which, including taking into account new threats of a sanitary-epidemiological and cybernetic nature, are only being formed. The purpose of the article is to analyze the possible advantages and potential risks for the system of ensuring the electoral security of the state, which are associated with the participation of the subject of international relations in the programs of international electoral support. The theoretical and methodological basis was the institutional, neo-institutional and network approaches. The relevance of the article is due to the lack of works analyzing electoral security as a system, including taking into account the latest challenges, as well as the place of international electoral support in the electoral security system. A number of proposals have been formulated aimed at minimizing the risks of the electoral security of a subject of international relations and clarifying the possibilities of international electoral support, consistent with the tasks of ensuring the national security of the state.
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This article is devoted to the problem of elite theories philosophical foundations and based on them elitological epistemes formed in this specific branch of political science. The relevance of the material lies in the author’s systematization of elitist concepts, which allows to combine various app ... roaches to elites into a single matrix due to facilitate further researches in this area. Article main purpose is to consider the philosophical foundations of existing theories of elites, as well as arising on their basis epistems, and then to correlate them with each other according to two parameters – assumed by the author of the approach elite function, and ruling minority mechanism of formation and self-reproduction. Both classical and more modern theories of elites have been examined, from the first general philosophical works inscribing the phenomenon of the elite in the logic of world and society development, to theoretical studies of the late 20th century justifying elite existence even in conditions of its maximum democratization of society as its integral part, which allows us to trace the researchers’ views evolution. Study conclusions is designated as a matrix operability check as a result of application to examples of classical and modern elitological studies. The verification shows that the conduct of any elitological research is based on the two parameters indicated by the author (the function of the elite and the justification of elitogenesis), which proves classification operability
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The “Russia – India – China” (RIC) trilateral cooperation structure, which has been functioning since 2002, occupies an important place among the various formats of multilateral cooperation in which Russia actively participates. RIC represents one of the most significant formats of interaction in th ... e modern geopolitical system. Each of these countries has its unique characteristics and interests, and their interaction not only determines their own development but also influences global dynamics. The article examines the relations between Moscow, New Delhi and Beijing in the context of the Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation, which defines the priorities and goals of the country's foreign policy. The key changes in the priorities, strategies and methods of Russian foreign policy are also analyzed. The purpose of the article is to reveal the role of Russia in the development of trilateral relations between Russia – India – China, including its participation in economic cooperation, political consultations and security. The following methods and approaches were used to analyze the transformation of Russian foreign policy: analysis of official documents, comparative analysis. The result will make it possible to predict the development of interaction between the three countries in the future.
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The mass consciousness of the transition period contains the potential of future forms, overcoming and negation. This makes it possible for its bearer to cope with the contradiction between the present existence and the desired way of existence, contributing to the realization of the possibility of ... adaptation to the constantly changing conditions of the social environment. The main purpose of the article is to study mass consciousness as an existential problem: the ontological foundations of the way of being in conditions of social change. The dialectical approach made it possible to reveal the characteristic features and patterns of the functioning of mass consciousness in general, and mass consciousness of this period in particular. The syncretism of mass consciousness reveals the dialectic of rational and irrational, controlled and spontaneous, predictable and incomprehensible. Addressing this aspect helps to understand mass consciousness in its historical conditionality, specificity, genetic and functional purpose. Mass consciousness is a self-sufficient space of imperatives, which represents answers to vital questions that arise in a variety of contradictory situations. The characteristics of this space allow us to determine the degree of people's resistance to manipulative techniques and the forms of their adaptation. The study defines the determinants contributing to this process, revealing the dynamics of people's social orientations. System and structural analysis allowed us to consider mass consciousness as a relatively independent system that has a number of specific features. The most important among them are: operating with stereotypes, dynamics of the emotional sphere, the interests of pragmatics as the basis of the life activity of the subject of mass consciousness and fascination with populist proposals. It is proved that dualism and mythological language begin to play a vital role in the mass consciousness in conditions of social conflict: historical memory (meanings, values, norms) is inherited. These determinants of mass consciousness are reinforced both by the specifics of its nature and by the contradictory nature of the historical breakdown. Functioning in their unity, they allow the subject of mass consciousness to resist the threat of the very possibility of being in a social conflict.
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In modern socio-humanitarian literature, there is a large number of studies on manipulation of consciousness. Manipulation of the behavior of social groups and institutions seems to us an interesting and insufficiently studied subject in social and political philosophy. The purpose of the article is ... to identify the differences and features of manipulation of consciousness and manipulation of behavior, to analyze the factors that increase the effectiveness of manipulation of consciousness and behavior. Both consciousness and human behavior are the totality and the result of social relations. The article analyzes features of activity and changes in consciousness. The connection between consciousness and behavior is explicated. Barriers between consciousness and behavior are analyzed. Socialization forms consciousness, activity determines behavioral patterns and perceptual schemes, which in turn mediate subsequent behavior. Manipulation of consciousness does not lead to an unambiguous change in behavior. For effective manipulation of behavior it is necessary to be involved in the training process, which will form new perceptual schemes and behavioral patterns. Involving an individual in activities according to new schemes causes resistance due to the need to conserve energy and the unwillingness to spend resources on learning new things. There are two ways of such involvement, creating favorable conditions for social manipulation. The first soft one is “marketing temptation”. The second is the destruction or discrediting of established behavioral patterns and perceptual schemes in the mind. This happens as a result of changing social conditions. The way of life, formed in certain social conditions, determines both consciousness and behavior of a person. Changing of social relations and social structure change the way of life and is a necessary condition for changing mental and behavioral activities, which in turn provide the possibility of manipulating social behavior.
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Geopolitical instability in the modern world may lead to growing interstate contradictions, including in the Caspian region, in which the United States is of particular interest due to its ability to influence energy markets. To achieve its foreign policy goals, the US creates precedents of instigat ... ing disintegration processes in the CIS in order to abolish Russia's ties with its allies in the Caspian region. For this purpose, Washington not only employs economic and political leverage, but also conducts active public relations work. The aim of the study is to analyses such US activities in Kazakhstan, the country that shares the longest border with Russia. The study is based on the work of Russian, American and Kazakhstani researchers, as well as on open internet sources. The active engagement of the US in public affairs in Kazakhstan is driven by the need to fill the gaps created by the historical past of the Kazakhstani people, which is not connected to the West, and to nurture young people who are capable of understanding and supporting 'democracy in the American way'. The result of the ongoing US foreign policy in Kazakhstan, including through public relations, is an increase in anti-Russian sentiments, especially among the younger generation.
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It is difficult to overestimate the relevance of understanding the manifestation of the duality of human nature. For many centuries, starting with Plato, philosophers and thinkers have sought to understand what this phenomenon of human nature is and what consequences it leads to. One of such philoso ... phers and thinkers was the Russian writer F. M. Dostoevsky, who conceptualized duality as a split self and postulated it as a fundamental anthropological principle. The article analyzes the content of the concept of human duality, which is understood by F.M. Dostoevsky is most complete in the type of "underground man", and the reception of the ideas of F.M. Dostoevsky in the works of the Russian writer L. N. Andreev and the Norwegian playwright J. Fosse. For the first time, duality in the work "Judas Iscariot" is understood as subjectivity, which seeks to subdue reality, overcoming the meaninglessness of reality, and also the origins of the bifurcation of the hero of the novel J. Fosse In the philosophy of F.M. Dostoevsky, L. Andreev creates Judas Iscariot, who belongs to subjectivity and lives not among what exists, but among what is given. And J. Fosse creates an image of a person who resists the world of the present, lives in dreams, dreams, visions and gradually moves towards a radical reduction of existence. Attempts to ask about a person in an anti-project and anti-doctrinal way create an opportunity to overcome the elimination of a person from philosophical discourse. The main research methods are comparative, textual and anthropological analysis of the concepts of selected thinkers. A conscious advantage is given to the anthropological method, as such, which helps to achieve the purpose of this article.
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The article analyzes the phenomenon of patriotism as a national idea in Russia from the perspective of motivational aspects of its actualization. The necessity to address the problem of patriotism is caused, on the one hand, by the ambiguity of its interpretations, and, on the other, by the presence ... of insufficient motivation among the younger generation in the formation of patriotic thinking. Integrated approach to understand the essence of patriotism is of particular importance in this regard, that is due to the structural features of the motivational process, represented by three basic levels: emotional, rational and the level of duty. The authors analyzed the concepts of "national idea", "patriotism" for the purpose of a more objective consideration of the phenomenon of patriotism; examined the essence of the interaction of the stages of motivation with the dynamics of awareness of patriotism by the subject; determined the motivational background in the actualization of patriotism as a national idea. The methodological and theoretical basis of this article is the substantive-activity approach in social-philosophical theory, according to which the process of awareness and actualization of necessity is determined by the motivational structure of activity, when not the goal itself becomes important, but the process leading to this goal through an expert assessment of desired in accordance with value preferences in activity. The methods of comparative and structural-functional analysis were used in the work along with this. A number of basic points of the article are referenced on the works of native and foreign scientists and philosophers: N. A. Berdyaev, M. Weber, A. Maslow, K. H. Momdjian, T. Parsons, V. S. Solovyov, A. S. Khomyakov, P. Ya. Chaadaev. In the article, the analysis of the phenomenon of patriotism as a national idea in Russia was carried out through the motivational aspects of its actualization, and the dynamics of its development was presented in accordance with three levels of motivation (emotional level, rational and the level of duty). It is concluded that there are three types of patriotism: emotional, rational and obligatory, each of them is a certain stage in the formation of personal maturity on the way of gaining the real meaning of patriotism.
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