Issue 2022 No. 4 (73)

The article is devoted to establishing the route of the campaign of the Arab commander Mervan against Khazaria and the localization of the city of al-Baida - the penultimate capital of Khazaria. There is no special work dedicated to this city. But in the first monographic works on Khazaria, it was b ... elieved that the city of al-Bayda was located in the lower reaches of the Volga River. A. P. Novoseltsev reasonably refuted this option, proving that the Arab commander Mervan did not reach the lower reaches of the Volga during the campaign of 737. However, he also believes that G. al-Bayda and Semender are the same thing, which does not correspond to reality. Almost all Arab-Persian authors, when listing the Khazar cities, simultaneously give both Semender and Baidu. Based on the comparison of the data of Arab historians al-Kufi and others, the author comes to the conclusion that the city of al-Bayda was located on the site of a multi-layered Khazar settlement called “Tatar settlement” near the city of Stavropol. Only after the capture of the city of al-Bayd by Mervan did the khakan decide to move the capital to the lower reaches of the Volga under the name of Itil. Excavations of this extremely interesting archaeological site will provide answers to the ethnic, political and socio-economic history of the mysterious Khazaria.
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Based on archival materials and scientific literature, the article considers that the first quarter of the XVIII century is a turning point in the history of the peoples of the region. The expanding crisis of the Shah's Iran and the Ottoman Porte, the active entry of the Russian state into the arena ... of military operations raised the issue on the agenda about the place of the North Caucasus in a number of significant issues of long-term military policy of the period covered. Having turned out to be an independent cause of disagreement in relation to the Shah's Persia and Sultan's Turkey, the North Caucasus region, thanks to the leading key provisions, attracted the interest of the Western leading countries - Britain and France. The European powers, also implementing the policy of the "eastern barrier", escalated the confrontation of the Shah's Persia and the Ottoman Porte with the Russian Empire in the region in order to put obstacles to the successful movement of the Russian state to the Caspian and Black Seas, the breakthrough of St. Petersburg to the Near and Middle East. It is also shown that the Russian state resolutely defended its interests in the region, which was most closely confirmed with the need to ensure the country's security on the southern borders. This would give the prospect of conducting all trade with Eastern countries through the territory of Russia.
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The article deals with the origin of artisanal oil production in Chechnya in the 30-80s of the 19th century in the context of the formation of a consolidated labor market after the abolition of serfdom and the technical re-equipment of the industry in the post-reform period. The authors believe that ... the successful modernization of the oil industry gave impetus to the intensive development of other areas of the Russian economy. The growing domestic industry in the period under review required an increase in oil production and the production of petroleum products, primarily kerosene, as well as the improvement of logistics links for its delivery from the Caucasus to the central industrial regions of the country. Rumors about the possibility of getting rich quick attracted a large number of migrants from other regions to the Caucasian oil fields. Among them were a considerable number of adventurers, lovers of easy money, etc. But in addition to this audience, entrepreneurs, engineers, geologists, skilled workers came to Baku and Grozny, who contributed to the successful implementation of geological exploration and the development of rich oil-bearing areas, the introduction of new equipment, and the commissioning of new enterprises. The authors, as examples of such an entrepreneurial initiative useful for the Grozny oil region, cite the construction of the first oil refinery by the peasant brothers Dubinin, the construction of another oil refinery by I. M. Mirzoev, as well as innovative solutions for the development of kerosene production, which were introduced at Grozny oil refineries Baku engineer Dzhevat Melikov. His initiative became the basis for the rapid development of the oil industry in the Caucasus.
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The Kalmyk steppe, in terms of its geographical location and natural and climatic conditions, is included in the zone of risky agriculture, which predetermined the main direction of the economic development of the autochthonous population - extensive cattle breeding. However, at the beginning of the ... XIX century. the process of integration of the region into the general imperial space led to the first attempts in the field of agriculture. The study of the historical experience of the development of agriculture in an arid territory is relevant at the present stage. The subject of this article is agricultural experiments on the Tingutinsky irrigated area, located in the northern part of the Maloderbetovsky ulus of the Kalmyk steppe of the Astrakhan province. In the course of the analysis of documentary materials introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, from the funds of the Russian State Historical Archive, the author focuses on attempts to cultivate crops on Tingut. In conclusion, it was concluded that the implementation of experimental measures in the field of irrigated agriculture in the arid territories of the Kalmyk steppe was not only of a scientific and practical nature, but also acted as one of the ways to integrate the local nomadic population into the all-Russian space. However, they showed that the policy of transferring the nomadic population to settled life requires a more comprehensive approach focused on improving the well-being of the population. Its individual events cannot contribute to a change in the centuries-old established way of life, regulated by traditions and customs that have proven their worth in practice.
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The article deals with the problem of the construction of temporary military field railroads in the area of the city of Tsaritsyn in the conditions of the Civil War. It is pointed out that the necessity to build the southeast exit from Tsaritsyn was dictated not by economic, but by military and poli ... tical interests of supplying the Red Army that was fighting for the city. The author analyzes the forms and methods of construction work organization, reveals the role of party and state structures and public organizations in conditions of "war communism" policy. There are revealed the problems of rationalization of labor, which arose during the production associated with an extremely high rate of work and catastrophically low technical equipment. The use of records and documentation of party and state authorities of the Bolshevik power in Tsaritsyn makes it possible to conclude that the successfully started construction of the railway line on the eastern left bank of the Volga river has been stopped because of disastrous lack of engineers, workers, and material resources of the existing railway lines that had been destroyed in the confrontation of the Red and White armies. After the Civil War and up to 1941 the idea of the railway connection of Tsaritsyn (Stalingrad) with Central Asia and Siberia was elaborated at the level of projects, which were practically implemented in the conditions of the beginning of Soviet-German military confrontation.
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The relevance of the stated topic is determined by the insufficient study in the space of regional historiography of various aspects of the scientific problem related to the study of the causes, forms, nature and results of peasant resistance to the policy of emergency requisitioning, mobilization a ... ctivities carried out in the Soviet countryside during the civil war. The position of the Astrakhan province, which in the period under study was a “military camp of the front line”, determined the strengthening of the processes of the mobilization policy of the Soviet government in the region, the tightening of repressive measures against its population, especially the rural population, in terms of non-compliance or resistance to ongoing requisition and confiscation actions. Reconstruction of events on the example of a specific district (Enotaevsky) of the Astrakhan province complements the all-Russian picture of the protest peasant movement with new sources at the regional level. A systematic approach to the analysis of the scientific problem allowed the authors to consider it in a combination of factors that reveal the main causes, characteristics and results of the protest anti-Bolshevik action of the rural population. Special historical research methods (historical-genetic, historical-typological, historical-comparative) allowed the authors to analyze the sources of personal history. The inclusion in the narrative of the memories of real participants in the events, which are subjective, ideologically verified, made it possible to see the motives for the behavior of the characters in the series of events described, to show the flavor of the era. Together with other archival sources (reports, reports, statistical materials), they reflected specific events of the civil war. The purpose of the study was to comprehensively analyze the totality of factors and processes that characterized the protest actions of the rural population of the Enotaevsky district of the Astrakhan province during the winter of 1918-1919, when it became a front-line region.
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The article analyzes the problem of modern Chechens' perception of deportation and its consequences on the basis of a sociological study conducted by the authors in 2021 "Deportation of Chechens (1944) in the views of youth" (Grozny, 2021, n = 360). The respondents were selected by the snowball meth ... od. The sample is representative, displays the general population by gender, age, territory of residence. The survey was attended by respondents aged 15 to 29 years who identify themselves with the Chechen ethnic group. The study showed that more than half (54%) of respondents are sure that there was not a single good reason for repression, it was the genocide of an entire nation. Every fourth respondent (25%) believes that the expulsion of Chechens to Kazakhstan and Central Asia was a "cleansing" of strategically important territory from "unreliable" people. Almost every fifth respondent (21 %) believes that the hostility and distrust of the authorities towards Chechens became the main motive when deciding on eviction. Factors of political, ethno-confessional, socio-cultural isolation during the deportation largely influenced the spiritual state of the Chechen people, entrenching anxiety in the minds of descendants. As a result of the deportation, subsequent generations had a sense of the cyclical nature of ethnic tragedies and historical injustice towards the Chechen people.
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The relevance of this study is due to the fact that the North-West of the RSFSR during the war period was in a long Nazi occupation. The victims of the occupation policy were not only adults, but also children. This led to interest in the problem of military childhood on the part of the partisan per ... iodicals distributed among the civilian population of the territories occupied by the Nazis. The purpose of the work is to analyze the reflection of the problem of military childhood on the pages of the regional partisan press during the Nazi occupation of the territory of the North-West of the RSFSR using the example of the newspaper “Young Avenger”. The study used the comparative-historical method, methods of system-functional analysis and synthesis. The article presents an analysis of the newspaper "Young Avenger", published in May-July 1943 specifically for Soviet children and adolescents living in the occupied territory of the Leningrad Region. The newspaper published articles, essays and notes on various subjects: the participation of the younger generation in the fight against the enemy, aspects of the daily life of children and adolescents in the home front (study, leisure, assistance to the front, the policy of the Soviet authorities on the protection of motherhood and childhood), the crimes of the invaders, victories of the Red Army and its allies. The pages of the newspaper regularly posted materials that ridiculed the top of the Third Reich and the allies of Germany, as well as Wehrmacht soldiers. In general, the structure of the newspaper was similar to Pionerskaya Pravda, the most popular Soviet periodical for children and teenagers.
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The author of the article examines the formation of theoretical and methodological foundations of cyclic concepts in the political sphere on the example of the works of scientists of Modern times. The dynamic development of relations in society required a scientifically based prediction of their dyn ... amics. This led to the interest of thinkers in cyclical processes. Comparative historical analysis allowed us to consider the genesis of linear and cyclic concepts. The emphasis is placed on the content of theories, which is considered in the context of the dominant worldview of the epoch. The concepts of Modern scientists are ideal models that will allow you to simply describe a complex tactical reality. This makes the theories available for criticism from other thinkers and the basis for further research. The author comes to the conclusion: in the era of Modern times, the linear concept of progress begins to assert itself in the political thought of Europe. Cyclical models have entered into competition with civilizational, stadium and progressive concepts. Models where the political process is viewed as a «spiral of development» are becoming relevant. Its heuristic and prognostic potential was revealed by G. Hegel. A. Tseshkovsky, K. Marx, G. Spencer, E. Dembovsky applied the logic of G. Hegel's critical analysis to study processes in the field of politics and economics. They described the key factors that influence the progressive dynamics of society. This is knowledge, the industrial revolution, the social stratification of society. Conflict is the basis of these scientists' linear models. In Modern times, a socio-cultural concept has been developed. It is also demanded in the XXI century.
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Within the framework of the publication, he considers a separate fragment of the ideological and political heritage of the founder of the movement of Siberian democratic regionalists (regionalists) - N. M. Yadrintsev. The author focuses on the philosophical and political reflection of the adherent o ... f regionalism around the problem of the profession of a prison officer in the framework of the ongoing penitentiary policy in the Russian Empire. The purpose of the work involves the identification and reconstruction of the socio-political views of the Siberian intellectual in the field of penitentiary policy and, above all, on issues of its staffing. The ideas and concepts of a prominent representative of the ideology of the regionalists are not always explicated, often eclectic and disparate. This circumstance caused the application of a certain methodology. To achieve the designated goal, the most successful is the interdisciplinary toolkit of political textology, which is being thoroughly developed at the Faculty of Political Science of Moscow State University. Methodological techniques of political and textological analysis in synergy with classical hermeneutical research guidelines allow us to reconstruct and conceptualize the problems of employees of the pre-revolutionary prison system in the socio-political views of N. M. Yadrintsev. Mainly, the study is based on published sources, the works of current political journalism of the founder of the regional ideology are analyzed. Despite open access, most of these sources in the modern history of political doctrines are almost a bibliographic rarity. Therefore, the appeal to the little-known works of N. M. Yadrintseva seems to be important and justified. In general, the work found that in the political concept of the founder of the ideology of Siberian democratic regionalism, the thesis is obvious that the success of the state penitentiary policy directly depends on the personnel of penitentiary institutions.
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The purpose of the article is to analyze the relationship between neoliberalism and liberal multiculturalism, whose position will be presented on the example of the creative heritage of the Canadian political philosopher William Kymlicka. The main focus of the article is on the impact of neoliberal ... reforms on national minorities. The materials received for 40 years, affecting neoliberal reform, demonstrate the various results of their implementation - from complete failure to success. The article shows both the causes and their consequences. The implementation of the reforms depends on the legal framework governing relations between the cultural majority and the minority of a particular state. In addition, the article attempts to refute the widespread opinion among left-wing political intellectuals that neoliberalism has a connection with multiculturalism. To show the connection between neoliberalism and multiculturalism, they refer to the activities of international economic organizations that demand their financial assistance from recipients and the implementation of a multicultural program aimed at protecting the rights of minorities. Accordingly, the article defines two types of multiculturalism - liberal and neoliberal, and also conducts a study of the author's concept, which describes the impact of liberal multiculturalism on a particular person - "citizenship". The study also reveals the connection between multiculturalism and the welfare state to demonstrate the conceptual difference between the left-liberal and neo-liberal versions.
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The article considers the state of interethnic relations in the North Caucasus in the assessments and ideas of young people. The empirical basis of the study was the results of a sociological survey of student youth in 2022. The state of interethnic relations in the North Caucasus is assessed by the ... majority of respondents as tenuous stability. The main causes of interethnic conflicts, according to respondents, are hostility and prejudice towards other peoples, rejection of the culture and values of other peoples. An insignificant level of social distance and interethnic conflict between the main ethno-confessional communities was revealed. Socio-economic crisis 2020-2021 did not have a negative impact on the nature of interethnic relations among the youth. Factors of tension in interethnic relations that became traditional for the region in the 1990s and 2000s - ethno-territorial and ethno-status conflicts, actualization and radicalization of tragic and ambiguous plots of history, ethnic separatism, radicalization and politicization of Islam have lost their sharpness, and in many respects have passed into a latent form. The results obtained confirm the decline for young people of the role of traditional factors of ethnicity politicization (territorial disputes, questions of the political or socio-economic status of ethnic groups, ethno-nationalism). The “resonance” of socio-economic problems, the dysfunction of public authorities and the growing value and worldview gap between young people and older generations can lead to an increase in conflict in interethnic relations. In this case, ethnic and confessional identities can again become mobilizing factors that legitimize protest and violence in the eyes of young people.
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The relevance of the study is due to the need to ensure ethno-confessional harmony in the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol. The aim of the study was to establish and classify the key patterns of victimization of the Crimean Tatars in the city of Sevastopol, to identify signs of the pres ... ence and consolidation of the victim complex, caused by the deportation of 1944, in the collective consciousness of representatives of this ethnic community. The victim complex in the study is considered as a set of psychological reactions that are realized in social manifestations, which arise as a result of the influence of traumatic historical contexts and socio-political conditions for the development of social, including ethnic, communities, as well as ideas about them, and form the victim's behavior in them as on individual as well as at the collective level. The study is based on the concept of phenomenological constructivism, constructivist structuralism and a coherent approach to ethnic identity. The empirical basis of the study was a series of in-depth problem-oriented unstructured interviews. The study was of a qualitative nature and its results cannot be extended to the ideas of the Crimean Tatar community of the city of Sevastopol as a whole, which requires additional quantitative research. The study revealed the potential for the development of interethnic tension in the region, signs of the readiness of the Crimean Tatar community of the city, when the appropriate conditions are formed, to change the role of the victim to the role of the persecutor and apply methods of positive discrimination of the majority to achieve their goals. It has been established that the efforts of the state authorities aimed at leveling the victim complex in the mass consciousness of the Crimean Tatars at the moment have not fully achieved their goals, which actualizes the need for constant work to maintain a constant balance in ensuring the needs and rights of the Crimean Tatars, the contacting ethnic groups and the state.
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The review article contains an analysis of the main trends in the study of the issues of measuring political trust in domestic and foreign scientific literature. The main attention is paid to the scientific literature of the period of the 2010s and early 2020s: in this period of time, there is a sur ... ge in the attention of both domestic and foreign researchers to the issues of measuring trust. The reasons for the growing attention of political trust researchers to the issues of its measurement are revealed. In modern scientific literature, the exceptional methodological importance of solving the problems of measuring trust in order to conduct correct studies of political trust is recognized. The main approaches to the classification of methods for measuring trust are characterized. The prospects of the main approaches to measuring political trust are considered. The prospects and limitations of the technique of a single question when using direct methods of measuring trust are determined. It has been established that the use of several indicators when using direct methods for measuring political trust provides significant advantages, however, the question of the correct definition of the list of these indicators will remain a constant source of controversy. The main scientific problems and achievements in using indirect methods for measuring political trust are characterized. Until now, approaches to measuring political trust have not appeared that could become dominant in science.
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Digitalization transforms electoral processes. In this connection, the problem of electoral cybersecurity as a new problem area at the intersection of IT and politics becomes relevant. The relevant question arises: What is "electoral cybersecurity" and what is its domestic and international politica ... l significance? The study uses information from the press, official documents, and academic publications on cybersecurity. The comparative method is used as the main method. The domestic political aspect of electoral cybersecurity is related to the emergence and intensification of socio-political divisions in society and the destabilization of the state's political system as a result of elections. This happens all over the world. Examples include France, Great Britain, Belarus, Ukraine, Venezuela and South Africa. The article conceptualizes the concept of electoral cybersecurity and analyzes the electoral cases of the United States, Germany and Russia. Electoral cybersecurity is understood as a state's ability to protect itself from the negative impact and ensure sustainable functioning of information and communication infrastructure involved in the pre-election campaign, voting process and summarizing its results, in order to ensure the legitimacy of the newly formed elected authorities and sustainability of the political system. From the point of view of the national interests of Russia, the problem of electoral cybersecurity is an incentive for the creation and distribution of an effective secure electronic voting system of domestic development. It is necessary to focus not so much on the fruitless discussion with the West about election violations or their absence, as on the promotion of Russian developments in the sphere of electoral cybersecurity in the post-Soviet space and through BRICS.
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Eurasian Economic Union is an international association, aimed at strengthening and expanding the integration processes in the post-Soviet space. The emergence of new initiatives and cooperation projects of the Union suggests that its potential to link up with other international organizations, regi ... onal institutions and individual countries is increasing each year. New ties are emerging and old ones are developing, and the programmes implemented by the Caspian Five are also contributing to this. Given the fact that the two Caspian states - Russia and Kazakhstan - are represented within the EAEU, cooperation in the framework of joint projects is becoming increasingly important. Moreover, the article's relevance stems from the rapidly changing political space of the Caspian region as well as the EAEU countries in a transforming world order. The main purpose of this paper is to examine the geopolitical strategy of the EAEU in the Caspian region and the policy processes that take place in the Caspian region involving the EAEU. The research is based on structural-functional and interdisciplinary approaches, institutional and systemic methods. The analysis of modern literature and legal acts allowed us to identify the main objectives of the EAEU geopolitics in the Caspian region, as well as the prospects, threats and challenges of cooperation of integration associations. The results of the study will allow further detailed research of the presented topics.
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In democratic political systems, the question of the quality and effectiveness of the local self-government system has always come first.At the same time, the development of democratic institutions suggested a mutually beneficial dialogue between the authorities and civil society. In countries with ... a transit system of democracy, where political institutions and civil society are in a state of formation, such dialog forms of relations have always caused numerous complaints due to constant and numerous systemic failures. The North Caucasus region has a number of specific features that are both transformational (modernist) in nature and connected with the historical ethnopolitical traditions existing here. Specificity is largely determined by existing traditions based on the experience of an original pre-state ethnodemocracy, caught up with specific power relations. At the same time, the local government systems existing here are very organically combined with ethnocratic traditions. Up to the analysis of these features this paper would be devoted.
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The Russian Federation is one of the most developed countries in the field of energy, as well as the most developed EAEU state in both economic and energy terms. The Islamic Republic of Iran is a developing country with enormous potential in the field of energy, labor and economic resources. Under t ... he conditions of cooperation, the cumulative potential of the Union and Iran in the field of energy can have global significance. Since Iran is under international sanctions, the energy sector of this state requires an effective development driver, which could be the establishment of relations with the Eurasian Economic Union. This article analyzes the prospects for cooperation between Iran and the Eurasian Economic Union. The study analyzes data on the IRI's energy complex, focusing mainly on the hydrocarbon, gas and nuclear complex of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Eurasian Economic Union, as well as the impact of the state's possible accession to the Eurasian Economic Union. It also takes into account Russia's promising projects in this region and the dependence of the IRI in this regard on the factor of sanctions pressure from Western countries, which has a specific conjunctural influence.
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The war of public opinion is an important part of the Sino-American rivalry. However, due to changes in domestic politics and the development of new media in the United States, the model of public opinion in the United States is also taking on new characteristics. Therefore, it is important to stren ... gthen research on new trends in the U.S. public opinion war against China. Because the content of the war of public opinion is too complex, this article analyzes the characteristics of U.S. public opinion toward China in the context of Sino-U.S. competition and proposes possible countermeasures. Based on the two-tier structure of international public opinion, this paper will compare the attention paid to TikTok by the U.S. mainstream media and social media through quantitative textual analysis, and additionally analyze the motivation of the China-related New York Times website. To understand the communication and operation mechanism of the mainstream media in the US, it will understand the attitude of the American public towards China and provide suggestions. Finally, the article will offer suggestions for working with public opinion based on the comparative results.
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This study is part of a study conducted by the Department of Sociology and Psychology of Politics, Faculty of Political Science of Lomonosov Moscow State University. This article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the image of the future of one's own country, which is an integral part of the pol ... itical picture of the world of the entire Kazakhstani society as a whole. In addition, today this topic is very relevant, since it occupies an important place on the agenda of Kazakhstan. The purpose of the study is to reveal the features of the image of the future of Kazakhstan through the eyes of Kazakhstanis during the COVID-19 pandemic. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the interdisciplinary consideration of this issue involving all categories of respondents inhabiting the Republic of Kazakhstan in an in-depth interview. The sample consisted entirely of respondents from all regions of Kazakhstan. The research methodology included 80 in-depth interviews that were conducted during the period of quarantine restrictions, namely the period of 2020 and 2021. The interview template included questions related to the impact of quarantine on the image of the country's future. The article revealed that it is clearly difficult for all categories of respondents to assess the image of the future of Kazakhstan as a value setting during a pandemic. As a result, various alternatives for the development of the future of Kazakhstan were identified, both optimistic and pessimistic based on the answers of the respondents. It should be emphasized that this study is of a qualitative nature, therefore it does not pretend to be representative, but at the same time it shows substantial trends in the existing image of the future in the mass consciousness of the inhabitants of Kazakhstan. In this regard, this issue requires close attention and further continuous study.
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The article considers the transnational logistics potential of the Black Sea-Caspian region, taking into account its current political situation. The aims and positions of the actors of the region, in particular the states of the South Caucasus, and Turkey, which occupies the most important place i ... n terms of geography and is the center of diversification and redistribution of the main flows of cargo turnover between Europe and Asia, as well as non-regional players such as the USA and the EU, are being studied. Various ways of developing economic ties and infrastructure projects are considered. The issue of the implementation of the Persian Gulf-Black Sea transport corridor project is being studied, and what benefits it will bring to its participants, as well as how this will affect the regional logistics system. The possible ways of Russia's cooperation with the states of the region, in particular with Iran, as the most logical ally in the current foreign policy conditions, are analyzed. The factors hindering this cooperation are considered. It is concluded that despite certain obstacles, the most logical is the combination of the main positions of Russia and Iran. When conducting the study, we used: the method of complex analysis, the comparative legal method, the historical method and other methods of scientific knowledge.
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Since H. White raised the question of the relationship between reality and knowledge in the philosophy of history, disputes about this problem have not ceased. In the middle of the 20th century, this question was formulated in the categories of literary criticism. F. Ankersmit was one of the critics ... and successors of H. White's ideas. Until recent days, the discussion have not been completed. For this reason, it is matter of great importance to study how various authors criticized and adapted the methodology of H. White after the rejection of structuralism. In addition, the study of the early works of F. Ankersmit allows us to assess the evolution of his views on the nature of historical knowledge. The purpose of the article is to compare approaches to the problems of historical narrative in the works of H. White and F. Ankersmit and to study the problem of representation of reality in historical narrative based on their works. The comparative analysis gives opportunity to study the approaches of philosophers and establish trends in the development of the philosophy of history. The author analyzes the features of the Metahistory’s methodology. The structural approach to narration and H. White's appeal to the theory of tropes are considered in the perspective of the reception and criticism of this model by F. Ankersmit. In his early works, he abandoned four tropes structure of historical narrative and turned to the study of the metaphorical nature of it. The article shows to what extent F. Ankersmit borrows H. White's methodology, and to what extent he criticizes it.
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Philosophy is a complex and inhomogeneous space. Over its history, philosophizing styles have appeared. Such diversity provides scope for conceptualizations and representations. One of these possibilities is the presentation of philosophy as a contrast to the philosophy of lifestyle - as a set of sp ... ecific practices that are not explicitly related to conceptual creativity; and philosophy - as the creation of concepts - the philosopher leads the most trivial everyday way of life, but carries out a conceptual work. The key motive for the work is the change in the optics of consideration philosophy as an interconnection of lifestyle and creation of concepts. The relevance of the work is determined by the reorientation of philosophy towards life practices that emerged in the last century as opposed to abstract theorizing. The purpose of the work is to demonstrate the practical optics of considering philosophy. The main method used in this work is the analysis of sources. The sources are classic works of practical philosophy. In this article, the works of P. Ado, devoted to spiritual exercises, are especially closely examined.
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This article analyzes the features of human behavior through the prism of antonymous concepts of "rational" and "irrational". There's discussed the traditional and is proposed a new conceptual interpretation of the concepts of "rational" and "irrational". In the light of this interpretation and taki ... ng into account the data obtained in such recent areas of social and humanitarian science as cognitive science, neurobiology, evolutionary psychology, the general theory of human interactions, an analysis of the work of human thinking is carried out both in general and from the point of view of cognitive maintenance of such (allocated by M . Weber) types of action as traditional, affective, value-rational and purpose-rational. There’s discussed the work of two systems of thinking (the so-called System 1 and System 2) which provide cognitive services to human activity. Their strengths and weaknesses are highlighted. Based on such a new area of praxeology as the general theory of human interactions, the fundamental motivational determinant of human activity is analyzed. There are two model types of description of such a determinant: based on the so-called integral function of well-being and on the basis of basic models of human thinking, which include: a model of the present, a model of a required future, a model of a probable future. To reinforce and illustrate the conceptual constructions carried out in the article, there’re considered corresponding cases of experimentally obtained data.
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The purpose of this work is an attempt to show how much public consciousness is subject to changes against the background of various historical epochs. From which processes, activities and existential problems the catastrophic consciousness of society is constructed. From the point of view of philos ... ophy, the study of catastrophic consciousness can be conditionally divided into two directions: as an image that is formed by natural causes and as an image that is formed through human activity. The work is also devoted to the etymological analysis of the manifestation of catastrophic consciousness. The article analyzes the social catastrophes of ancient, medieval and modern times. The characteristic of the emotional and psychological state of modern society is given. The influence of modern social problems on the social well-being of society is revealed. The reflection of the past on the present and the future is investigated. The key moments of social phenomena and events that construct the catastrophic consciousness of society are described. As a result, the work presents catastrophic events in the form of various disasters that entailed social changes that change the course of events in people's lives. The author comes to the conclusion that for many centuries catastrophic consciousness has had a direct impact on public and mass consciousness, which subsequently shaped various future events.
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The state of the modern information society can be defined as a period of post-truth, where facts and evidence are of much less value than the reactions they caused and especially the emotions of people. A modern person lives in the space of huge information flows, in which it is very difficult to n ... avigate: to understand where is the truth, where is the lie, or partially represented reality. As a research task, the authors attempted to conduct a survey in three groups of respondents who are students of the Astrakhan State University in order to identify dubious information content. The purpose of the survey was to test the cognitive skills of young people, to establish the level of ability to identify questionable information content, the degree of proficiency in argumentation skills and the ability to see the missing elements in the logic of presenting information material. To do this, the authors of the article selected four types of fake information, gave their typological characteristics and proposed possible approaches to their exposure. An empirical analysis of the ability of students to analytically identify fake material showed an average and low level of application of the necessary analytical approaches. Checking the possibilities of analytical thinking of young people in working with fake material showed that the students of the first group, who became familiar with the basics of critical thinking, although not one hundred percent coped with the analysis of the proposed information material, nevertheless, stood out from other groups in the ability to think logically and apply analytical approaches that allow you to see the illogicality or inconsistency of the presentation of the analyzed information. Students of the second (humanitarian) group and the third (non-humanitarian) group differ little from each other in their unpreparedness to present arguments to the information proposed for analysis.
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The article offers a philosophical interpretation of theoretical concepts devoted to the editing principle of thinking a phenomenon in cinematography, which is based on the creation of a new quality that arises with a purposeful author's combination of frames. The value of the contribution of Deleuz ... e and Podoroga in the development of a philosophical approach to the specifics of the image of the world and man on the screen with the help of editing is substantiated. Theoretical thought seeks to formulate in discussions about the "meaning" of the author's construction of a cinematic image through the editing principle certain philosophical conclusions and views on life, art, and the problems of human existence. The comparative method used in the study made it possible to compare the "interpretation" of the installation in the works of V. Podoroga, A. Bazin, J. Deleuze and others for a more complete representation and generalization of the essential characteristics of the installation principle of thinking from a philosophical and aesthetic point of view. It is concluded that the philosophical study of the specifics of the montage principle of thinking as an art phenomenon in the creation of a visual and semantic structure with new artistic qualities in the context of philosophical and anthropological issues is relevant and in demand. The identification of a new artistic quality in the installation design requires the author to search for a creative movement with its logical, intuitive and heuristic relationships. The use of cinematographic tools, the editing principle of thinking to comprehend the problems of human existence not only reveals the identity of the author, but also expands the field of research in philosophical anthropology. The philosophical and anthropological interpretation of the montage principle makes it possible to identify not only the core of the author's ideological meanings expressing the individual's attitude to the world, but also the problems of being a person in general, a human creator, an author, since he participates in their formulation and solution by artistic means.
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The orientation of Russian education towards the general cultural development of students has historically been one of its priority positions and is regarded as an enduring value. This position is reflected in the Law "On Education in the Russian Federation". The general culture of a person is a way ... of his social life, social existence, revealing the totality of the knowledge, values, traditions assigned to him, manifested in all forms of his behavior. In other words, it is an integrity that includes an internal culture determined by the personal, activity characteristics of a person brought up in the family and the education system, and education as a mastered body of knowledge characterized by consistency, breadth, comprehensiveness and depth. This article is related to the formation of students understanding of the main value-semantic dominants of modern society and significant areas of history, as well as the need to preserve the cultural life of the country, region, city (painting, music, literature, architecture, fashion, etc.). The problems we are considering related to the dialogue of various types of art can serve as an incentive to realize how inextricably and deeply connected they are throughout the history of mankind, to assess how this dialogue manifests itself in the conditions of our region.
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The paper presents an analysis of existing publications in the field of economic efficiency of agricultural robotics, provides methods used in our country to assess the economic efficiency of investment projects and calculations of the project "Agrobot" according to the selected methods. The investm ... ent project is focused on application in the agricultural sector. The target audience of the project at the first stage is farms of the Astrakhan region and large agricultural producers of the region. It is assumed that a small enterprise will be created to sell agricultural robots. The main products sold within the framework of the Agrobot project will be robotic complexes of 3 modifications: lightweight, basic and improved. To present the Agrobot project to investors, it is necessary to calculate its economic efficiency. The economic efficiency of the investment project is calculated by the method of net discounted income using various approaches to determining the value of the risk premium. The calculation was made for 4 years with a preliminary one-time investment of the order of the cost of 60 robots and payment for the work of the project performers. The project under consideration, taking into account the stated prices and the sales plan, will begin to make a profit after 4 years and can be invested for the declared amount.
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