Issue 2022 No. 2 (71)

The article attracts the attention of the scientific community to one of the important sites in the history of the Peter’s era in the territory of the modern Dagestan - the fortress of the Holy Cross in the mouth of the river Sulak, the foundation of which was laid by the emperor Peter the Great in ... September of 1722. The available data on this unique site, regarding its construction, purpose, functioning, trade-economic role in the region and liquidation has been summarized and thoroughly analyzed. The most common version in historiography about the origin of the name of the fortress is considered. A critical assessment of this version is provided.The issues associated with the identification and study of the remains of the site with further inclusion in the Unified State Register of Objects of Cultural Heritage (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of Russia and application of it for the development of educational tourism are outlined. In determining the location of this object, the preserving large number of archival sources and cartographic materials will support researchers greatly in their study. The reconstruction of historical memory about this unique site of the Peter’s era could be a break-through project, which will allow to raise the methods of solving the issues of civil and patriotic education of younger generations on a new level, to elevate the investment and touristic appeal of the republic of Dagestan.
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The problem of the Russian state social development has always been one of the priorities in the national historical science. Researchers are increasingly appealing to the experience of implementing its social policy in different periods. In parallel, there is a trend towards the study of its local ... aspects in the framework of the development of regional studies in general. The Caspian region is considered as a strategically important territory from the point of the Russian international relations development, which potential cannot be overestimated. It also reflected in the building of social policy. In turn, this determines the interest in studying the Russian state social policy historical building process in the Caspian region. The purpose of this article is to assess the process of landowner colonization of the Caspian Sea territories from the point of Russian social policy in this region, to outline its the scale, results and role in the further historical path of the social and political development in this area, to clarify the periodization of this process. This research involved both the already existing historiography on the issue and a number of archival documents containing data that had not previously been introduced into scientific circulation. The landlord colonization of this territories under consideration appears as a chaotic, contradictory process, which, nevertheless, largely determined the vectors for the further social policy of the Russian state in the Caspian region.
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The main basis for the study is the relic specificity of the Caspian Sea Region in the whole coastal area, and the goal is to study the stages of its conservation and reproduction in dynamics. The provision on "two or three options for the Eurasian border" is taken into account. The article is based ... on the provision of the specificity of these unique and relict territories, and, moreover, develops it from the standpoint of ethnic and sub-ethnic (linguistic, religious) diversity in these areas. The materials were collected by long (since the beginning of 80s of XX century) field expedition of the author in the Northern Pre-Caspian region and on the coast of Dagestan, and by studies (since 2000) of the realities of the Southern Caspian Sea area ("Persian", Iranian) together with the Astrakhan State University students specializing in Fars?, future translators and teachers. Three books directly on the topic of the history of the Caspian region were attracted: by acad. V.V. Barthold, L.N. Gumilyov and Zh.B. Kundakbayeva. Particular attention is paid to the method and principle of "stadiality", unusually embodied in the Caspian region. At the same time, the concepts of "formationality" and "stadiality" (according to V.P. Ilyushechkin) are distinguished. The role of the factor of previous conquests and other external influences on these territories remains debatable. Attention is drawn to the subordinate position of the Caspian Sea region in World History (L.N. Gumilyov) and in the development of World Culture (V.V. Bartold). As a basis for this, the peculiarities of the local nature and the traditional predominance of the "appropriating" economy along the sea shores and in the adjacent foothills and nomadic steppes are emphasized. In conclusion the author puts forward some provisions on the change in the region situation with the complication of commodity economy, with the development of industry and navigation. Attention is also drawn to the role of special "Caspian" forms of ethnicity in modern time.
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The purpose of this article is to study the activities of officials of the foreign management for the prevention of smallpox in the 19th century, using the example of the Kalmyk steppe. Despite the solid historiography on the problem of smallpox vaccination in the Kalmyk uluses, a significant part o ... f the researchers focused on the second half of the 19th century, which led to the novelty of the presented research, while its relevance is associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis of the imperial legislation and clerical documentation from the funds of the Chief Bailiff of the Kalmyk people and the Maloderbet ulus management of the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia, through the application of general scientific methods of historical research, made it possible to draw the following conclusions. Firstly, the practical experience of the representatives of the central government in the steppe in the first half of the century - the Chief and private bailiffs - actually formed the basis of the imperial legislative act that regulated the process of smallpox vaccination in a foreign environment. Secondly, the legislator at the beginning of the second half of the 19th century, taking into account previous experience, and also providing for a significant shortage of medical personnel, especially in the outskirts, assigns a wide range of powers to the Chief and ulus trustees, who played an important role in the formation and development of smallpox vaccination in Kalmyk steppe.
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In modern conditions of the choice of styles in architecture and design, there is a growing interest in studying the eclectic period similar to them in many respects, i.e. the last two-thirds of the XIX century. However, if the architectural features of the structures of provincial cities of this pe ... riod have already been considered in the open press, then the problem of their interior continues to be insufficiently studied. This article is devoted to the study of the interior design features of merchant mansions of provincial cities of Russia during the eclectic period on the example of Astrakhan. The purpose of the study was to consider the peculiarities of the manifestation of eclecticism in the interior space of a private house on the example of Astrakhan merchant mansions. The article is written on the basis of archival materials of the State Archive of the Astrakhan region, as well as on the basis of works of a special orientation. The methodological basis of the study was a comparative historical analysis of literature and sources; generalization and systematization of the facts studied. The work reveals and reveals such manifestations of eclecticism in the interior of merchant mansions as the simultaneous use of Gothic motifs, elements of Baroque and Rococo, "Russian style", "Oriental taste", which clearly demonstrated the wealth and social status of their owners.
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Based on archival documents, materials of the local press, as well as the family archive, the article presents a reconstruction of the family and front-line biography of the fighter pilot, participant of the Great Patriotic War Imadaev Ahmed and his family. From the family name of the Imadaevs, who ... lived in the small mountain village of Itum-Kali of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR, 4 people went to the front, three of them brothers, sons of Imadaev Dzhemaldina and Dzezag Gazimagaevna. It was revealed that in 1944, after being in a reserve aviation regiment, pilot A. Imadaev was assigned to the 790th Fighter Aviation Regiment of the 229th Fighter Aviation Division of the Separate Primorsky Army. He enters the war at the end of March 1944 with the rank of second lieutenant. He liberated the Caucasus, Crimea, the Baltic States, Sevastopol, and met victory in East Prussia. Some examples of the pilot's skillful actions in aerial battles in the area of the Curonian Spit are given. For his participation in the war, he was awarded two Orders of the Red Star, the Order of the Patriotic War of the First Degree and many medals. After the war, he continued to serve in the Air Force, tested airplanes, and taught young people the profession. In 2000, Major A. Imadaev was awarded the rank of Lieutenant Colonel of aviation.
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In the article, based on the analysis of historiography on the topic of the study, the problems requiring study are identified, the goals, objectives, and methodology of the study are defined. The analysis of archival documents allowed the author, for the first time in Russian historiography at the ... regional level, to summarize the work of state bodies and public organizations to provide assistance to evacuation hospitals and the evacuated population to the republic. The methodological basis of the research is the principles of historicism, scientific character, objectivity and consistency. In addition, historical-comparative, historical-systemic, historical-typological methods, as well as the method of social analysis were used. On the basis of new archival documents and other sources, the problems of organizing the treatment, nutrition and living conditions of the wounded and sick soldiers in evacuation hospitals during the Great Patriotic War are analyzed. The activities of state, party bodies and the public in organizing accommodation, employment and household arrangements for the evacuated population in Kabardino-Balkaria are considered. The experience of labor collectives of factories, factories, collective farms, state farms, public organizations, citizens in providing patronage assistance to evacuation hospitals and evacuated population is summarized.
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The present day digital communications are imposed on the already formed values of the consumer society, reinforcing its specific trends. The purpose of the research is to study the characteristics and reference agents of political socialization of students in the border regions of Siberian and the ... Far Eastern Federal Districts. The article is based on the results of the survey of 14 focus groups of pupils from grades 10-11, students of colleges and universities in 8 subjects of the Russian Federation: Altai, Zabaykalsky, Primorsky and Khabarovsk Krais, Omsk Oblast, the Republics of Altai, Tyva, Buryatia (October-November 2021). Representatives of only one region and one segment of students participated in each focus group. The results of the research allow us to determine the hybrid character of the configuration of political socialization agents. New actors have dominant importance only as a source of information. Traditional socializers are not considered as such, while the discussion of important events, issues happens primarily within family and among friends. In digital socialization environment the role of bloggers for the studied youth is low due to their incompetence and political partiality. The undemocratic model of communication both in the family and in educational institutions, as well as restrictions on the Internet do not allow young people to obtain objective political awareness and reduce the political identity of young people. This situation is complicated by focus of young people's attention on negative assessments when talking politics with friends.
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The relevance of the research is due to the importance of identifying recruitment channels of regional political elites, especially in regions where members of parliament who are part of such elites have particularly great authority. The purpose of the research is to analyze the features of recruitm ... ent of the representatives of the political elite of the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania, among whom, within the framework of this work, members of the regional parliament of 1-6 convocations (1995-2022) are included. The official website of the Parliament was used as a source of information about the biographies of deputies (N=308). The information was collected in June-July 2021. The method of research is biographical analysis. The main educational institutions that ensure the reproduction of the regional political elite are K. L. Khetagurov SOGU, GGAU, SKGMI (GTU), SOGMA and SKST. The key recruitment channels of the deputies are government bodies and business structures. The business structures mentioned in the biographies of more than one deputy are generally regional and relate to agriculture, non-food and food industry, as well as to the banking sector. The data on deputies of the 4th, 5th and 6th convocations do not allow us to talk about the existence of a trend towards professionalization of the deputy corps, which was renewed by an average of 55% following the results of the elections to these convocations. The Parliament of the region has a great degree of continuity in relation to the highest state authority of Soviet times, the Supreme Council of the SOASSR.
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The condition for the successful development of the country is the existence of well-established interaction between state institutions and civil society. This is impossible without a person realizing from a young age civic responsibility and the importance of participation in politics of every citi ... zen. Identifying the potential of political subjectivity of the youth of Siberia and the Far East allows us to understand the degree of involvement in the political life of the country, as well as the vector and dynamics of its change. To this end, a focus group research was conducted with the participation of high school students, university students and colleges from eight regions of the Siberian and Far Eastern Federal Districts. The study revealed both the overview of students about the role of youth in Russian politics, and their attitude to various types of political activity: participation in elections, rallies, socio-political associations, etc. Despite generally low estimates of the influence level of Russian youth on politics and a departure from public protest activities, young people do not completely abandon political participation. Their political subjectivity is "hidden" in nature due to the lack of opportunities for its successful implementation at the present time. Youth representatives concentrate on safer and more legal forms of political participation, while actively using the possibilities of the Internet.
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This article is an attempt to show the various ideas of conservative thinkers about the origins and meaning of Russian nihilism. In 1884, a controversy arose on the pages of the newspaper “Rus” around this topic. N.P. Gilyarov-Platonov answered N.Y. Danilevsky's article with a detailed article. Dani ... levsky argued that nihilism is not an “original phenomenon” in Russia and it cannot be considered the result of the problems of Russian life. According to Danilevsky, Russian young people simply picked up western ideas of materialism and socialism out of a passion for imitation. These ideas have nothing to do with Russian history. Gilyarov-Platonov, on the contrary, was convinced that nihilism appeared in Russia as a consequence of the “neglected diseases” of Russian society. Nihilism, from his point of view, is a rebellion of a Russian person against the vices of the social system, which conservatives often try not to notice.
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The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the formation and structure of symbolic non-material resources at the local level. The object of the study was eight rural areas of four municipalities of the Krasnodar Territory. Symbolic politics as a component of identity politics is a powerful insti ... tutional resource of local authorities. It can be used to consolidate the inhabitants of rural areas, their involvement in project activities, mobilization to solve socio-political problems. The purpose of this study is to determine the resource potential of symbolic politics in the structure of the identity policy of local territories in the Krasnodar Territory. The problematic field of this work is determined by the dynamics characteristic of the identity policy of the region under study - the Krasnodar Territory. In the municipalities of this region, different activities of the main political actors shaping the identity policy at the local level are demonstrated. The article describes the criterion matrix for the classification of symbolic politics, which includes the dominant marker of symbolic politics, the temporal orientation of local residents and the subjective involvement by categories of residents, and also describes the functions of the symbolic policy of rural areas. This model forms a comprehensive understanding of the main actors and institutional mechanisms for constructing symbolic politics in the context of the heterogeneity of the region at the local level.
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The spread of the new coronavirus infection (hereinafter referred to as COVID-19) has become a turning point in higher education system around the world. All countries had questions about realization and organization of studying process with using distance technologies and focusing on the new condit ... ions for getting higher education. Transformation of the educational process has revealed one of the main and important problems in modern society - digital inequality, which impact not only on the quality of high education, but also its accessibility. The digitalization of education is sharping new objectives of state policy. Conducting constant empirical research actualize the issues that educational process meets. It helps to search for their solutions. The article is devoted to implementation of Political Science education at the Faculty of Political Science of Lomonosov Moscow State University from the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic to present time. The research is based at the materials of sociological survey of students of the Faculty of Political Science which was conducted in autumn 2021. The analyze of results shows the main problems of the online learning which impact on the qualitative and quantitative indicators of political science education in modern Russia.
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The article examines the role and importance of investment policy in modern Russia. Due to the different socio-economic level of the regions of the Russian federal state, issues that cause their development remain relevant. The combined contribution of the regions to the national economy creates a s ... ynergetic effect, which leads to an increase in the gross domestic product, an improvement in the quality of life of citizens, growth of geopolitical status of the country. In this regard, investment activity remains a priority strategic direction, as an integral part of the economy, aimed at the structural transformation of its potential and increasing efficiency. The theoretical aspects of the regional strategy and ways to increase investment attractiveness are analyzed, the classification of scientific concepts of modern research on the identification of regional development priorities is presented, a strategy for increasing the investment attractiveness of the region is produced. The purpose of the study is conditioned by the need to produce recommendations for improving the investment climate in Russia for the sustainable development of the national economy. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the identification of strategic priorities for increasing the investment attractiveness of regions and the key tasks of these priorities. To achieve this goal, the work uses a wide range of general scientific methods and approaches: dialectical, scientific abstractions, system analysis and synthesis. The theoretical basis includes the works of domestic and foreign scientists, which analyze various aspects of the studied problems. In conclusion, the author identifies and characterizes the main strategic priorities of increasing the investment attractiveness of the region in order to balance the situation of the future economic downturn, which will inevitably occur after the completion of deterrent measures related to the spread of the coronavirus pandemic.
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The research is devoted to the Turkish cooperation with Central Asian independent countries. The interest is the analysis of 30 years of the experience, based on cultural and linguistically and historic and religious unity of those countries. The research is aimed at considering fundamental characte ... ristics of Turkish cooperation model with Central Asian independent countries that can be laid down as basis for interaction of other countries with Central Asian independent states as well as for ways for forging cooperation for Turkey with other countries of the world. The sources are international agreements and treaties between Turkey and Central Asian countries in ensuring strategic security and stability in those countries as the mainstay for security and stability for the whole region; engagement in dialogue between Turkey and Central Asian countries political, financial, scientific, educational, religious and other elites including the youth; the recognition of ethnic nationalism and hybridity as the specific nature of the statehood of Central Asia in their foreign policy; the usage of experience of positive dynamics for solving problems of national sovereignty as the basis for the growing political status of Central Asian countries; the support for further regionalization of international relations and enhanced role of local actors in foreign policy of Central Asian countries.
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This article examines the current state of the evolution of Japanese-Turkmen relations in the context of bilateral political and economic cooperation, socio-cultural ties and people-to-people relations. Tokyo’s first attempts to gain a political foothold in Central Asia were conceived in the early 1 ... 990s, when several new independent states appeared and Tokyo began to propose new concepts of foreign policy as well as formats for interaction with non-neighbors. However, the problems that arose in the new political regimes were not easy to overcome. Among other countries, resource-rich Turkmenistan with a stable political regime looked more reliable than its neighbors. During the last three decades Japan and Turkmenistan have been able to implement a number of large-scale projects, find formats for interaction on a political spectrum in the region, create a bilateral relationship and ensure cooperation. This allowed large Japanese companies to enter the local market, find their niche and gain a political foothold in the region without competing with China and Russia. While Turkmenistan not only developed its energy infrastructure and discovered an effectively model of the sale of natural resources, but began considering new non-resource sectors of its own economic growth.
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The problem of power rightfully belongs to the eternal questions of philosophy, from century to century actualizing reflection presenting a variety of approaches to its solution. The focus of the article is the anthropological perspective in the study of power. The purpose of the work is to consider ... power as a human situation conceptualized in the categories of domination and recognition. The methodology used is based on the synthesis of the existential-hermeneutical approach (focused on the identification of meanings) and the critical theory of society (the theory of rational and engaged action). Power according to the domination model is considered on the basis of the ideas of the struggle for knowledge in the philosophy of Hegel, Weber, Kozhev, Bourdieu, Foucault, Agamben, Honnet, etc. The study answers the question of "who" in the situation of power, shows the types and configurations of subjects included in the production of power (master / slave / citizen, father / leader, judge, cynic / ironic / simpleton). Based on the reference to the works of Gegel, Marx, Nietzsche, Honnet, the spheres of labor and morality are presented as the leading regions of power-domination, the conflict of models of "reification" and "recognition" of the employee, types of moral recognition, their subjective and institutional dimension are highlighted. The experience and practices of recognition, mutual recognition in the context of state research, create conditions for considering power in a moral and normative aspect. Such a view of power may indicate a possible moral progress of society in history.
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The article is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of social networks as a regulator, stabilizer and "manager" of public opinion, which becomes especially relevant in the "covid era". The purpose of the study is to consider concrete examples and analyze the main trends of the influence of online ... communities on public opinion, in addition, an attempt is made to analyze the consequences of such influence on the formation of social psychology in Russia in the coming years. The author attempts to create, based on a small number of articles on the topic in scientific journals and information posted on the Internet, a picture of the directed impact of social networks on Internet users in order to change their ideals, values, and worldview. The author's socio-philosophical and content analysis showed that the management of public opinion in social networks can be both positive, rallying society, and negative, generating protests, falsification of the truth, distrust of the authorities and each other. At the same time, the role of the state in limiting manipulation of public opinion is increasing, in proportion to the growth of destructive influences on social psychology. Through the analysis of the essence of the concepts of "astroturfing", "information stuffing", "protest disinformation", I.V. Vostrikov comes to the conclusion that the very specifics of communication and information transmission in the Network today pushes the use of social networks not only as a means of communication, but also as an influential "inspirer" of a certain ideology. Therefore, in conditions of latent preparation for an information war, both the state and the progressive public need to consolidate efforts to prevent manipulation in the ideological sphere through social communities on the Internet.
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The article is devoted to the study and comparison of domestic and foreign practices of forming the image of law enforcement institutions. The relevance of the research is due to the importance of the role of law enforcement institutions in today's increasingly complex society. The article states th ... at the image of the law enforcement system significantly affects the confidence of citizens in the institutions of law and order and the effectiveness of their activities. The key research approaches are the methods of analysis and synthesis of social phenomena and the comparative method which was used to identify similarities and differences in the processes of formation of the law enforcement institutions image in Russia and some foreign countries. The theoretical basis of the research is the extensive literature on this topic, regulatory sources (that regulate the activities of the law enforcement system) and other open sources. The result of the study is the identification of factors and mechanisms of the formation of the law enforcement institutions image. The practice-oriented result of the study can be considered the recommendations on image formation (formulated on the basis of successful examples from foreign practice) for the domestic law enforcement system
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The author gradually moves from the most general understanding of value to a more specific one. On this path, the category of «values as criteria» is distinguished, which are a component and factor of human motivation, and, therefore, provide the basis for choice. This conceptual understanding is sh ... ared by many scientists, but there are significant differences within it. The reason for this state of affairs is in the fundamentally different types of values that belong to the category of values-criteria. The author identifies: basic values, normative values, preferences. Basic values are derived from needs and form the basis of a value-based attitude to reality. Normative values are an ideal construct, a belief. They are compared with the needful to highlight their specifics. The object of needful is always needed «for something», and is characterized by the correspondence of means to the goal. This is the relationship of benefit, profit. In the case of normative value this can not be said - it is realized «for its own sake» and is for each individual the ultimate subjective goal. Addictions are «built-in» criteria that are formed unconsciously and are not subject to direct conscious correction. They concern the choice between sorts, kinds and features of objects and to which epistemological approbation regarding their «correctness» and effectiveness of the choice is not applicable. All of these components are closely interrelated and interact with each other, forming a single structure in which the basic values occupy a fundamental place.
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