Issue 2021 No. 1 (66)

The article is devoted to the study of one of the most important problems of modern historical science - the history of the formation of the Russian multinational state. Special attention is paid to the comparative analysis of the state and political statuses of the national autonomies of Russia - t ... he Kalmyk Khanate and the Hetman's Ukraine. The statehood of the Kalmyk nomads arose after their entry into the Russian state in the first half of the 17th century. It is shown that the nature of the Russian-Kalmyk relations during this period makes it possible to define them as a protectorate of Russia over the Kalmyk uluses. The article examines the formation of the Russian-Kalmyk interaction, the evolution of the status, territorial framework and geopolitical position of the Kalmyk Khanate. At the beginning of the second quarter of the 18th century. After the Kazakhs of the Younger Zhuz migrated to Emba, the Kalmyk lands partially lost their border status and began to increasingly resemble the inner territory of the Russian Empire. A gradual transformation of political autonomy into administrative one begins. The article describes the main features of the autonomy of the Kalmyk Khanate in the period of the 17th - early 18th centuries: the preservation of the traditional administrative structure, the concentration of administrative, judicial, legislative and fiscal power in the hands of the secular elite, the inheritance of the supreme power in the Torgout dynasty. The paper determines that the new geopolitical status of the Kalmyk Khanate after the second quarter of the 17th century also changed the state policy in relation to it - the system of government of the khanate was unified, political independence was eliminated, the khanate was being integrated into the general imperial administrative and political system. The restrictive policy of Russia in relation to the Kalmyk Khanate, the government's interference in the hereditary question contributed to the beginning of the political fragmentation of the Khanate in the second half of the 20s - the first half of the 30s of the 18th century, political crises of the second half of the 18th century, and the crisis of 1771. The material presented in the article makes it possible to highlight general patterns in the political status of the Kalmyk Khanate and Ukraine in the 17-18th centuries.
Read more

The war of Germany against the USSR was based on the idea of expanding the "living space" of the German nation, capable of using the resources of the occupied territories of the Soviet republics for the benefit of its own development. The population of the countries destined for conquest must feed t ... he German economy with man power resources, the natural reserves of their former territories will provide the economic needs of the German army and the entire German people. The most important tool for the economic use of the occupied territories was the tax system, the export of production equipment, property of organizations and citizens. For staffing industrial production in the occupied territories, labor exchanges were created, distributing the civilian population to work at local enterprises. The occupation caused enormous damage to the population, economy and economy of the North-West of Russia. The number of the local population, which was destroyed in concentration camps, was subjected to robberies and terror, and was mobilized for defensive and other work, significantly decreased. The population experienced constant hunger, only those who were involved in compulsory work in production received the minimum supply. A significant number of able-bodied citizens of the occupied regions of the North-West were sent to forced labor in Germany. The violent deportation of the population to Germany was accompanied by unprecedented cruelty and brutal reprisals. In the face of intensified repression, the process of mass entry of the rural population into partisan detachments began.
Read more

Today, the study of the history of the Great Patriotic War is of interest both for professional historians and for those interested in Patriotic history, which, in turn, is due to a number of socio-political factors. At the same time, despite the wide interest of modern Russian society and a narrow ... circle of specialists in this period, there is a problem of subjective perception of the history of the Great Patriotic War. The purpose of the study is the Arkhangelsk district of the Voronezh region during the Great Patriotic War as a rear area. The scientific novelty of this article lies primarily in the fact that for the first time a description of the daily life of the Arkhangelsk district of the Voronezh region and its inhabitants during the Great Patriotic War is given. There are analyzed the activity and work of both enterprises and organizations and individual citizens in the rear. Brief biographical data of the workers of the rear of the Great Patriotic War, natives of the Arkhangelsk district of the Voronezh region are investigated, their memories are given. The article also mentions the situation of underage home front workers, their contribution to harvesting and digging trenches. The results of the study provide a broad insight into everyday life in the Soviet rear during the Great Patriotic War
Read more

The article is devoted to the problem of patriotic education of the younger generation on the historical heritage of the Great Patriotic War. It provides a critical analysis of the state of knowledge of this topic. Special attention is paid to acute and debatable issues related to the interpretation ... of this most important event in our national history. The analysis of legal regulation in the field of education in the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993 with amendments approved during the all-Russian vote on July 1, 2020) and the formation of the Russian Federation. The article examines the issues of patriotic education and the formation of national self-awareness of youth on the examples of the heroism of the Soviet people, captured in the literature about the Great Patriotic War. A line is drawn of the conceptual significance of the successive transmission of the traditions of the heroic past of our country to subsequent generations. The experience of general education institutions of the city district of Nalchik on the organization of patriotic education of students is generalized. The article highlights traditional and innovative forms and means of forming civic values of youth.
Read more

The article is devoted to the aspects of scientific activity of the Russian Maritime Union. This public organization in the early twentieth century set itself the task of reviving the Russian imperial navy after the defeat in the russo - japanese war of 1904-1905. Meetings of a public organization w ... here scientific problems were discussed are considered. Special attention is paid to the existing rules for publishing a collection of scientific papers by the leaders of the Russian Maritime Union. Information is given on issues related to the colonization of remote areas of Siberia and the Far East. The reasons for the lag of Russian commercial shipping from Western European countries are investigated. The prerequisites for the successful development of German commercial shipbuilding and shipping in the early twentieth century are analyzed. The relationship between the problems of development of Siberian rivers and the unsatisfactory economic condition of remote Russian territories is traced. The history of domestic public organizations and naval affairs in the early twentieth century is studied. In addition, the organization of the Russian maritime union for the promotion of naval knowledge is being considered. The public organization subscribed specialized foreign and domestic literature and created libraries on these issues, open to the public. Then the Russian maritime union attracted such technical innovations as cinematog- raphy and filmstrips to promote naval knowledge among the Russian population.
Read more

The article is devoted to the practically unexplored issue of the rationalization movement on the territory of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR during the Great Patriotic War, which explains its relevance. The aim is to determine the degree of impact of the activities of innovators on improving the efficienc ... y of the oil production and refining industry of Chechen-Ingushetia during the study period. The article is written mainly on the materials of the Republican newspaper "Grozny worker" (organ of the Chechen-Ingush regional Committee of the CPSU(b), allowing with a sufficient degree of completeness to recreate the scale of activity of inventors and innovators and to describe the impact on the oil industry of national economy. Separate data are taken from published even in Soviet times of works M. A. Abisalova and S. O. Zoeva. In the work on the article, comparative-historical and problem-chronological methods were used, which made it possible to identify the general and special in the described historical events and to consider the activities of the CHIASSR rationalizers of the period of the Great Patriotic War in chronological order. Based on the materials used, it can be concluded that although not all of the proposed rationalization proposals were implemented, in general, they allowed the state to save significant financial and material resources. Was thereby made a significant contribution to the increase of efficiency of activity of the Republican oil industry complex. The Republican corps of inventors and innovators consisted mainly of engineering and technical workers and highly qualified workers, and the bonuses given to innovators for implemented proposals amounted to a significant increase in the income of about a thousand employees and their families.
Read more

Based on documentary material and scientific literature, the article highlights the place of the North Caucasus in Russia's foreign policy at the time under review. The progressive decline of Shah's Iran and Sultan's Turkey, and the active entry of Peter's Russia into the international arena put the ... question of the fate of the Caucasus, in particular the North Caucasus, in the circle of important problems of world politics in the period under study. Having become one of the main sources of contradictions in relations between Russia, Persia and the Ottoman Porte, the Caucasus, due to its important geostrategic positions, attracted the attention of the European leading powers - Britain and France. In addition, the role of Ottoman and Western emissaries in Russia's foreign policy during the period under study is considered. Western States, along with the implementation of the "Eastern barrier" policy in Europe, incited the confrontation of Iran and Turkey with the Russian Empire in the Caucasus in order to prevent the advance of St. Petersburg to the Caspian and Black seas, and Russia's exit to the middle East. To this end, the European powers sought to use the support b ases of the Ottoman Sultan and the Crimean Khan, created on the approaches to the North Caucasus in the XVI-XVII centuries. The contradictions between Britain and France on European Affairs, on the one hand, and between Iran and Turkey, on the other, did not exclude the possibility of temporary compromises between the rival States, which was also facilitated by the obvious anti - Russian orientation of their policy in the Caucasus. The Pro-Russian attitude of the local population in the Crimean war and their active desire to fight on the side of the Russian troops are also shown.
Read more

The article is devoted to the confiscation of private vessels of foreign nationals during the First World War. Cases of confiscation of small vessels by the metropolitan river Police and the Baltic Fleet are considered. Special attention is paid to the distribution of confiscated vessels. Informatio ... n is given that yachts and boats were sent to the Naval School and other naval units in need. Among the requests for the transfer of confiscated vessels, it is necessary to highlight the requests received from the Baltic fleet submarine connection, the naval artillery unit of the Kroonstad fortress, the commandant of the premise fortress and the transport flotilla of the black sea fleet. The article examines the prerequisites and reasons for the confiscation of small-sized floating vehicles and German and Austrian subjects. The article analyzes the cases of return of the vessel to a russian citizen of finnish origin after confiscation. The relationship between the events of the First World War and changes in the activities of Russian aristocratic yacht clubs is traced. The author studies the history of domestic sports organizations and Russian history in the early twentieth century. In addition, the organization of Russian sports organizations in the early twentieth century is considered. Russian imperial yacht clubs were rather reluctant to give small vessels belonging to foreign subjects to the official authorities. As a result, the Metropolitan River Police and the Baltic Fleet confiscated sailing and motor vessels owned by German and Austro-Hungarian citizens from aristocratic yacht clubs.
Read more

The authors of this article clarify the subject of ethnopolitical expertise and monitoring of ethnopolitical processes, their main thematic topics, draw distinctions with related branches of scientific practice-oriented knowledge, assess the current status of ethnopolitical expertise and monitoring ... of ethnopolitical processes in Russia in the context of improving federal legislation. The authors argues that it is unacceptable to narrow the subject of ethnopolitical expertise. The authors evaluate the experience of ethnopolitical expertise implementation and monitoring of interethnic and confessional relations, ethnic policy in the Krasnodar territory, the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol city (2014-2020). Factors and indicators of monitoring of interethnic and confessional relations are evaluated on the example of the studied regions. Measures are proposed to improve the quality of ethnopolitical expertise in the aspects of organizing its interaction with state authorities and mass media, providing evidence and publicity. The authors argue the need to create permanent expert structures and networks of interaction between professionals and the state authorities, the education system, political parties and public organizations, and the mass media.
Read more

This article examines the organizational practices of the ruling party «United Russia» in the new conditions set by the current epidemiological situation in the Russian Federation related to the global COVID-19 pandemic. The factors that influenced the operational reorganization of the party structu ... res of «United Russia» and its effective functioning during the period of selfisolation and quarantine restrictions in the Russian Federation in the spring-summer of 2020 and the growth of the party's electoral rating on the eve of the Single voting day on September 13 are analyzed. The key factors that determined this reorganization are the digitalization of party structures, interaction with near-party public associations, civil activists, ensuring communication with civil society, as well as ensuring conditions for the productive work of the party apparatus. Features of introduction of innovations in management of the ruling party allowing to provide recruitment of new functionaries and supporters, creation of personnel party elevators are revealed. In the study, official information resources EP, media materials, data of public and expert surveys, conclusions regarding the productivity model transformation of party structures in voluntary charity, the positive impact of this reorganization on the processes of building the party "United Russia". The study of these organizational practices is significant both for representatives of the academic community and for practicing political strategists and political consultants.
Read more

The article proposes a study of strategies for forming the image of politicians through Internet technologies. The main existing methodological approaches to studying the issues of forming a political image using modern information technologies are considered. A typology of strategies for the format ... ion of a politician's image on the Internet is proposed, based on the priority of using the Internet. The strategies of preferential and auxiliary use of the Internet and new information technologies for the formation of the image of a politician are characterized. The strategy of the predominant use of Internet technologies for the formation of the image turns out to be the most promising for opposition politicians. Incumbents and representatives of the ruling party are interested in more diversified approaches to the formation of a political image and are using a strategy of auxiliary use of Internet resources. The degree of importance of new information technologies in solving problems of forming and promoting a political image depends, inter alia, on the political guidelines of the audience. The question of the applicability of a common typology of strategies for the formation of a political image to the process of forming a political image on the Internet is considered. The issue of measuring the effectiveness of individual strategies for the formation of a political image on the Internet remains insufficiently studied in modern science.
Read more

At the moment, the question of correlation between national and regional identification and their impact on the Russians' consciousness stays acute. The peculiarities of historical development, the aspects of the government policy in Russia and global crisis of identity do influence the process of s ... elfidentification among the Russian citizens, sometimes at the expense of the regional level. Nonetheless, regional identity is still an important piece of social-cultural puzzle of the Russian regions, both national and administrative-territorial. The indications of regional identity, at least partial, or as one of the few identities, can be found among senior students. To find the markers demonstrating that, the mass polling of the students was performed in schools of the Siberian Federal district. The results of this research allows us to detect different types and nature of national, regional, local identity among students from different subjects of the Russian Federation, as well as to define the local specifics in question of social-political selfidentification.
Read more

The article proposes an operational model for comparative analysis of non-democratic political regimes. It is based on the holistic methodology, new institutionalism framework and structural-functional approach. The paper systematizes the theories of foreign and Russian authors towards typology and ... differentiation between certain types of autocracies. There is a tendency to gradual change in the main research areas in the community of transitology scholars - from «democratic optimism» witnessed at the end of the twentieth century to the analysis of the mechanisms of self-preservation of autocracies, which has gained popularity in recent years. The essence of the "political regime" concept is specified with regard to its static and dynamic aspects. Some differences between democratic and non-democratic regimes are considered. The article explores basic typologies of political regimes, enumerates the characteristics of some types of non-democratic political regimes, and proposes relevant operational definitions. Main vectors of transformations of autocracies, such as liberalization or strengthening of authoritarian tendencies, are indicated. Both of them can be considered either as actions taken so as to preserve the authoritarian system or promote democratization. The operational model elaborated in this paper for the classification of non-democratic political regimes and their transformations can be used to conduct cross-country, as well as cross-temporal comparisons within the framework of case study.
Read more

This article examines the activities of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe to resolve the Georgian-Abkhaz and Georgian-Ossetian conflicts. The OSCE is one of the most important structures in ensuring regional stability and security, but in the current conditions it does not use ... the set of tools at its disposal to an adequate extent. The high conflict potential of the South Caucasus region and the specificity of the contradictions between the parties do not allow the use of identical formats for the settlement. This article conducts a retrospective analysis of the OSCE's participation in the conflicts in Georgia, identify the weak and strong sides of the organization's existing tools and propose new mechanisms and initiatives for the region under consideration that are in the OSCE's arsenal, but need more flexibility and adaptability to specific cases. Thus, the paper is aimed primarily at rethinking the role of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe in the peaceful settlement of conflicts in Georgia in the current geopolitical conditions through a comprehensive assessment of the OSCE's potential in the specified region.
Read more

Youth exchanges have become an essential component of people-to-people exchanges in international relations, both in bilateral and multilateral formats. This paper analyses the participation of Russia and its Central Asian partners (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan) in youth exchang ... es in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. The authors consequently discuss the institutional structure and formats of the multilateral cooperation, its development within the last decade, and the representation and role of the member states. The research is based on the study of the SCO multilateral documents, SCO institutions' documentation, official addresses and interviews of the SCO politicians and NGO leaders, online news archives of NGOs and media. The authors conclude that the SCO has formed a multilateral cooperation mechanism for youth exchanges, in which Russia and Central Asia are fully represented, with minor exclusions. Meanwhile, the cooperation demonstrates the evident rivalry between Russia and China in this cooperation. The Central Asian countries have become subject to this rivalry, however, at the same time they have already started to put forward their own initiatives, too, which can be significant for the development of multilateral dialogue. Finally, the paper discusses the potential benefits of cooperation for its participants.
Read more

This article is an attempt to structure the discourse on poverty and inequality, as it appears in the works of renowned philosophers, economists and sociologists. Globally, the problem of poverty and inequality remains unsolved and is aggravated by global crises and, most recently, the COVID-19 pand ... emic, posing a threat to social stability. The authors point out that, in the short and middle term, solution to this problem under the current paradigm of development seems highly unlikely. The sustainable development paradigm, which has been globally recognized, has numerous strong points; however, it also has a number of internal contradictions, especially regarding the social aspects of development. Therefore, a more socially oriented model of development could help overcome these drawbacks. With this goal in mind, the authors introduce the concept of responsible development, and dwell on the history of thought on the problem of poverty and inequality. This review could serve as a basis for further research of social policy, as well as for development of analytical and policy tools that pay more attention to the moral and ethical dimension of social issues.
Read more

The article is devoted to the study of the interdisciplinary phenomenon of self-regulation. Within the framework of this topic, various approaches to understanding the process of self-regulation proposed by domestic and foreign researchers are considered. A review of the key concept of the leading R ... ussian expert in the field of psychology of self-regulation of personality V. I. Morosanova and her questionnaire «style of self-regulation of behavior», used to assess the degree of development of self-regulation processes and measures of formation of strategic structures of individual self-consciousness. Based on socio-philosophical analysis, it is shown that the level of self-regulation changes significantly in different periods of life: from low and rapidly growing in childhood, continuing high and stable in middle age, and ending with a slow decline after 30 years. The characteristic reasons for reducing or increasing the level of self-regulation in people of different ages were revealed. Described wide range of adjustment procedures samoregulyatsii low ability individuals, including methods that do not require special training - situational (switch, self-hypnosis), recitative (active neuromuscular relaxation and ideomotor training), system (introspection, self-analysis) and more complex, requiring a monitoring specialista method of biofeedback, meditation, autogenic training.
Read more

The many changes caused by COVID-19 have impacted all areas of our lives. Since the beginning of the pandemic in every country, people have experienced the same fears: getting sick, being left without a livelihood, dying, losing loved ones, etc. In many states, support was provided by both the gover ... nment and the employer. Our analyze show how the employees themselves assessed the level of relations between them and the company through the connecting thread of corporate culture. We have determined that, in general, in many cases there is an increase in corporate values, information coming from managers is more trustworthy than information from the mass media. Honesty, openness and communication are becoming the new flagships for the development of corporate culture.
Read more

The paper breaks down certain methodological aspects of the philosophy of Paul Feyerabend as well as focusing upon the problem of how the status of scientific knowledge has changed within the concept of epistemological anarchism in relation to changes in the scientific paradigm. Is has been postulat ... ed that in the framework of the postmodern paradigm the problem of scientific knowledge is inevitably linked to the problem of language as a means of the objectification of knowledge. The missing metanarrative as a legal foundation for scientific knowledge and the transition from the concept of �broad narratives' to a paralogical scope of complex semantic games are an immediate cause of changes in scientific methodology. Therefore, numerous theories, which are conceived by the principle of proliferation, stimulate the development of brand new concepts. Besides, the constellation of many a rivaling theory enables to scrutinize the feasibility and justifiability of particular theoretical constructs. As a consequence, the principle of proliferation espoused by the philosophy of Feyerabend is both a way to bypass binary oppositions associated with classical philosophy and an unavoidable challenge as far as the criteria of the scientific value of postmodern epistemology are concerned.
Read more

V. V. Rozanov (1856-1919) and N. A. Berdyaev (1874-1948) were original Russian philosophers and publicists, despite the age difference, they were familiar both personally and with each other's works. Comments on each other's ideas are scattered through various works of philosophers, but there was al ... so a brief period of active mutual polemics in journalism. Despite the contradictory assessment of mutual creativity and the specifics of each person's religious worldview, they addressed common themes. Russian thinkers pointed out the specific features of the Russian national character-the priority of the spiritual principle over the material, the compliance and sacrifice of the Russian person, a special attitude to social and political activity, but each of them interpreted this specificity in their own way. Rozanov and Berdyaev expressed similar opinions about the role and functions of state power in society, in their opinion, it should first of all protect people from arbitrariness and reduce the amount of evil in the world. Their political ideals were also close - as conservative philosophers, they preferred the monarchy. However, Rozanov and Berdyaev had different views on the tasks and goals facing the Russian people, and also had different opinions on the causes and consequences of the First World War for Russia.
Read more

The geographical location of the Astrakhan region historically determined its status as an outpost, which was not only a place of trade and after joining the Russian state began to be defined as "an advanced point, a beginning and a bulwark in development", but also took on all threats of the emerge ... nce and spread of epidemics from the East. In addition, its own natural and climatic conditions also made the region vulnerable. Therefore, epidemics in the history of the Astrakhan region were not uncommon. In the article the task is not to describe the diseases that came to the region, as to show how the methods of fighting with plague, smallpox, cholera have changed at different levels: power, church, people. Particular attention is paid to the transformations taking place in the mentality of the inhabitants and changing, "civilizing" the way of people's life, especially the nomadic steppes. Researches have shown that, despite of technical progress, change of conditions of existence, the deep, archaic layers of consciousness remain, inhibiting rational perception of existing dangers and deducing on a mythological explanation of reality. That is why in the epoch of high technologies and virtual spaces there is still a place for such a phenomenon as fake, which creates a global problem of infodemy, that spreads rapidly during cataclysms and has serious destructive consequences. The study of this phenomenon is an urgent task of modern science.
Read more

The article is devoted to the analysis of modern trends in the formation of a healthy lifestyle of students as an important area of successful self-realization of students in the field of future professional activities. The semantic content of a "healthy lifestyle" in the studies of domestic and for ... eign scientists is revealed from different points of view, but in all studies there is the thesis that the basis of a healthy lifestyle is the integrity of a person's spiritual and physical development, which must be developed and strengthened in unity. Currently, pedagogical workers of educational organizations of all levels and types, social workers, doctors, parents are convinced that the problem of forming a healthy lifestyle has become actualized especially recently, when, after a long forced self-isolation, there is a clear tendency towards a significant deterioration of the mental, somatic, physical and the physiological health of all students, including students. As shown by the analysis of research results even before the pandemic, about 10% of the younger generation are considered perfectly healthy, while the rest of the survey reveals various pathologies in their health. The author also established an organic connection between human health and his lifestyle. In general, a healthy lifestyle includes a complex of health-improving measures, which ensures the strengthening of the physical and moral health of students, an increase in their moral and physical performance, and successful self-realization in the field of professional activity. Of course, the formation of the value attitude of students to a healthy lifestyle, to their physical and mental health is not solved within the framework of one educational organization, but it has the greatest opportunities, since it has at its disposal a sufficient number of hours allocated for physical culture and sports classes. Based on the foregoing, the author convincingly proves in the article his position on a healthy lifestyle as a significant component of successful professional self-realization in a market economy.
Read more