Issue 2019 No. 4 (61)

This article discusses the different points of view of domestic and foreign researchers about the reasons for the appearance of the first state emblems on the reddish seal attached to the СЃharter of 1497. The horseman striking a dragon with a spear on the front side and the double-headed eagle on t ... he back side. Lists and discusses the foreign and domestic causes of the use of these emblems on the seal of 1497. Analyzes the explanation of the symbolism of these emblems in domestic and foreign literature.
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The Great Reforms of the 1860s-1870s became an important period in the history of Russia. The reforms were supposed to free the country and its economy from obsolete feudal orders, primarily from serfdom.The results of the reform were very controversial. On the one hand, the reforms gave impetus to ... the development of capitalism, accelerated the development of the economy. But on the other hand, being the result of a compromise of various elite groups, they were incomplete and contributed to the preservation of remnants of feudalism, which led to serious disproportions and contradictions in the development of the country.The development of capitalism in industry was combined with the preservation of the former feudal order in the main part of the Russian economy - in agriculture. This was expressed in the preservation of noble land ownership, redemption payments, which were imposed on the peasantry, communities. All this impeded the penetration of capitalist relations into the industry. Most landowners were unable to adapt to the market, but their rapid ruin was hindered by state policy to support the nobility (soft loans, delayed payments). Only not a large part of the nobles managed to create cost-effective farms on the basis of their estates and fit into the market. Inside the peasant communities, a conflict was brewing between their wealthy elite - fists striving for economic isolation and the rest of the community. In industry, capitalism developed more successfully in new industries and in areas previously not affected by serfdom, for example, in the south of the country. The former serf regions in the post-reform period experienced difficulties and noticeably lagged behind the more advanced ones (for example, the metallurgical industry of the Ural region). A serious consequence of the post-reform period was a significant stratification in incomes. The preservation of feudal survivals and the absence of labor legislation, beggarly wages allowed industrialists and parts of the nobility to rapidly enrich them. Dissatisfaction with the existing order generated widespread protest, which served as the basis for the activities of various revolutionary organizations, including terrorist ones.
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In the article «Anti-religious agitation and propaganda in the context of state-church relations on the Lower Volga in the 20s. XX century» provides an analysis of the activities of state authorities in relation to the Russian Orthodox Church in the 20s XX century on the example of the Lower Volga r ... egion. In particular, methods of pressure on the church are considered, as well as the creation and development of the propaganda apparatus and methods of its work. From specific examples of regional significance, the author of the article compiles a portrait of the emerging paradigm of relations between the communist government and the Russian Orthodox Church, which with certain minor changes will become decisive in the following decades of the history of the Soviet state. As part of an analysis of the methods of direct pressure on the church, the article discusses such facts as the mass closure of churches, repressions against clergy and active parishioners, and the seizure of property from churches and monasteries. In this context, an analysis is given of the activity of a new apparatus of antireligious agitation and propaganda, which was only emerging in these years. In the final part of the article, the results of the activities of local government in both of these areas are analyzed based on changes in the religiosity of society.
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The history of any state is largely determined by its geopolitical place in the world community. And one of the basic components along with the political structure, the economy is culture. Education as a social institution of culture, as a rule, is demanded by all members of society. Political parti ... es as an instrument of interaction between the state and society and its ordinary members in their policy documents can not do without this tool. Thus, the problem of the claim of the political party of socialists-revolutionaries in the first quarter of the twentieth century to include the requirements for the education system of Russia in their positions on the transformation of the state reconstruction of the country is more relevant than ever. At least it provides an opportunity to see how this problem is reflected in political opponents. It is access to education that specifically shows equality or inequality in the rights of citizens of any state. Since one of the main ideas of democratic development is equal access to education knowledge, so that a member of society could benefit him, got the opportunity for personal development, and also had the opportunity to perform civic duty. The article considers some aspects of the formation of new approaches to education in the period of revolutionary changes.
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The author is analyzes the first stage of Soviet-Mongol relations from the People's Revolution in Mongolia in 1921 to the end of Great Patriotic War. There were the priorities for the new republic: the establishment of their independent national statehood, the building a system of foreign policy con ... tacts, the solving a complex of interior socio-economic and cultural-educational tasks. The Soviet Union was played an important role for Mongolia in resolving of these tasks. The author shows the difficulties, which faced by the Mongol People's Republic in the sphere of the public education. There were the several main directions, which the RSFSR/USSR helped the MPR. USSR accepted Mongol youth for study at secondary and higher educational institutions; sent qualified educators and scientific workers to the MPR for training the national staff; assisted the opening of technical schools and the first Mongol State University; provided free assistance in material and technical, educational and methodological support to the Mongol educational institutions, etc.
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The subject history of physical training since ancient times until the end of the 20 century is analyzed by means of the hand-to-hand fight entering it the section of self-defense. Self-defense is an integral part and the main means of physical and psychological training of law enforcement officers ... and armies. The purpose of training in methods of self-defense and history in general is formation of physical and psychological readiness of employees for successful performance of operational office tasks, to skillful use of physical force, fighting methods of fight and special means at suppression of illegal acts and also ensuring their high performance in the course of office activity. The main task at the same time - to give physical readiness of all workers for the level providing in the physical and moral and psychological plan performance of official duties in any conditions of everyday life.
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The problem of state governability escalated in the context of digitalization of activity. The network society is transforming public administration in the direction of collaborative governance, i.e. citizen participation in the production and enforcement of political decisions. In this regard, the ... modern concept of governability can no longer be subordinated to either the scientific-administrative, or the economic, or republican paradigms of public administration. Ensuring security and justice in the conflict of parties as the main functions of the state in the ideal of digitalization could be provided by algorithms of appropriate technologies, taking into account the norms of pure procedural justice. Also, complex and uncertain network environments have defined the nature of the new governability paradigm. A hypothesis is proposed and theoretically grounded: participatory governability in public administration is a network effect that occurs in network structures characterized by a large number of participants, density of relationships, reciprocity, trust and belonging. It implies the principle of collaboration between the state and society, the wide participation of citizens in public administration, in the development and implementation of policies. Network technologies provide collaboration based on an institutional form of interaction that is more effective than competitive representation. The digital blockchain algorithm provides the principles of pure procedural justice based on the rules of equality, trust, reciprocity and autonomy.
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The article describes some results of an empirical study (June - September, 2019) about the problems of state identity policy. The best Russian experts from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Perm, Krasnodar, Simferopol and other cities spoke about the systemic problems of the phenomenon of state identity poli ... cy and the practice of its implementation in Russia. Transcripts of twenty expert interviews (each lasting from 1 hour to 2 hours) were analyzed using discourse analysis. Experts drew attention to the following important features: the impossibility of its effective combination of the state policy of identity with the "policy of differences"; the impossibility of developing a universal basic matrix of state identity and creating a universal mechanism for the formation of state and civil identity; the impossibility of achieving a single result in the formation of a given identity model; the inevitability of internal inter-elite conflicts and the lack of unity of citizens in relation to state symbols, the history of the state, historical personalities personifying the state; the inevitability of the existence of competing «we - state» images in the mass consciousness; lack of a unified understanding of the essence of state identity policy by project participants and their competition for financial, technical and organizational resources. The state identity policy fulfills important functions of forming the national and civic identity of the population, symbolic association of citizens, and proposing a unified perception of the most significant images of «their» state. It aims to support or challenge the politicized forms of social identity of various social groups. Experts doubt the existence of a well-thought-out state policy of identity in our country. They substantiate their point of view by the inefficiency and insufficiently developed mechanisms for the implementation of bills aimed at the formation of national-state and civil identity of the population.
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The article expresses the idea of considering the language policy of the national and regional levels as a discursive process. The territorial and hierarchical levels of political communication, functional segments and varieties of subjects of discourse are noted. The authors distinguish three major ... structural-thematic blocks and the level of discursive activity in relation to language policy in the Russian regions: academic, official discourse and mass media discourse. If a fundamental qualitative shift is observed in the media space and academic discourse, then in the official documentary discourse reflecting the position and approaches of federal and regional authorities, the terminological figure «language policy» is vanishingly minimal. An analysis of the regulatory framework and the experience of language policy in the educational field and quantitative analysis of the representation of a number of discursive constructs in the information and political space of Russian regions - the Astrakhan region, the republics of Karelia, Mari El, Tatarstan and the Ulyanovsk region have been undertaken. The geopolitical connotations of the communicative-linguistic situation in the Astrakhan region are considered as a discursive segment with the potential for actualization. It is concluded that the interaction of various segments of the semantic organization of activities in the field of language policy at the regional level is not only a subject of academic observation, but also an important direction of practical efforts in the field of managing cultural and linguistic diversity.
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The article defines the type of interethnic and religious relations of youth in the modern Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol. The empirical basis of the findings was the pilot and mass questionnaires of youth conducted with the participation of the author in 2017-2019. The asymmetry of i ... nterethnic and interfaith distances of Russians, Ukrainians and Crimean Tatars is established. The stereotypes of interethnic perceptions, the degree of politicization of ethnic and confessional markers in popular public opinion are revealed. The discrepancy between the ethnic and linguistic identity of youth is revealed. The hierarchy of identities is established and the level of formation of the Russian national youth identity on the Crimean peninsula is revealed. The degree of ethnization of migration problems, reduced in comparison with other regions of the South of Russia, is determined. The similarities and differences of ethnic and confessional identities of the interviewed youth in the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol, caused by the contrasting level of multi-ethnicity and the economic context of community development, are revealed. The conclusion about the rather weak effectiveness of the information policy, designed to shape the Russian identity of young residents of the Crimean peninsula, is argued. Measures for improving the state information policy in the ethno-political sphere are substantiated.
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The study of socially significant tools to maintain inter-religious unity is relevant for the Russian Federation, which is a multi-religious country. The article deals with the state-confessional policy in the multi-confessional region. Particular attention is paid to the importance of interfaith di ... alogue for the establishment of peace and tranquility in society. This study makes it possible to clarify the importance of inter-confessional dialogue in the establishment of inter-confessional harmony and inter-confessional cooperation. The paper outlines its main areas of focus. The author uses the methodology of the socio-philosophical approach, which makes it possible to clarify the key concepts and fundamental principles for its organization. The achievement of interfaith consent is possible through the organization of interfaith dialogue. The purpose of inter-confessional dialogue is not to bring the positions of religious organizations closer in dogmatic issues, but to solve those problems that lie in the field of establishing mutual understanding at the level of human relations. Thanks to this, prevention of potential conflicts is possible. Maintaining the moral, traditional foundations of society allows preserving national identity and confronting the challenges of cultural globalization. The solution to this problem allows us to reach the level of interfaith solidarity, which will become a powerful factor in the integration of society and the establishment of peace and unity in it.
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The article presents the main results of a content analysis of regional programs of the subjects of the Russian Federation of the North Caucasus on the formation of international accord, citizenship and patriotism among modern youth. Based on data from a sociological study are analyzed the responden ... ts answers to questions concerning their assessment of the work of regional government bodies of the subjects of the Russian Federation in the North Caucasus Federal District on the formation of citizenship, patriotism and inter-ethnic harmony among young people. The opinion of student youth on the role of state and municipal government of the regions of the North Caucasus in the prevention of ethno-political conflicts and the degree of influence of youth social activity on the change in the socio-political situation in the region is studied.It was concluded that in every subject of the Russian Federation the North Caucasus Federal District developed best practices, innovative, socially significant events involving a large number of young people. The events require further popularization, exchange of experience on their organization and implementation in other regions.In general, the understanding of youth as an object of targeted state influence dominates in the region.Most of the students from leading universities in the North Caucasus positively evaluate the work of regional government bodies in the formation of citizenship, patriotism and interethnic harmony.There is a significant unrealized potential of social activity of the youth of the North Caucasus, which has not yet become a significant actor in the socio-political process in the region.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of changes in the electoral potential of opposition parties in the local elections of the Belgorod City Council in 2013 and 2018 in conditions of increasing anti-elitist public opinion. The hypothesis of an increase in the activity of opposition parties at the ... local level has not been confirmed. We did not find any legal or political obstacles to registering party candidates. However, parliamentary and non-parliamentary opposition parties practically did not spend organizational and financial resources to ensure the victory of their candidates for deputies in favorable political conditions. The «United Russia» party has retained its dominance in the city council, although the total number of voters has declined. The continued dominance of «United Russia» is explained by the party's ability to mobilize its supporters on election day and attractive institutional preferences for candidates, increasing their chances of being elected. There was an increase in the electoral support of the LDPR, the «Russian party of pensioners for justice», and the party «Patriots of Russia».
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The article is devoted to the study of the place of the Syrian Arab Republic in the regional configuration that took shape in the Middle East due to a protracted crisis in the country. A substantial role is given to the describing the factors that determine the formation and implementation of the re ... gional priorities of Syria's foreign policy. Among the dominant factors of this process, there are the level of interest of external non-regional actors in the region of the study and the presence of certain strategies in relation to it. Thus, the article pays considerable attention to their detailed researching. By analyzing the priorities of the foreign policy put forward by the Syrian government and studying the mechanism of forming and adherence to a certain foreign policy of Syria in the Middle East region, the author draws a number of conclusions about the current situation of the Syrian state, the degree of its regional influence and its significance for major actors of world politics. The author concludes that despite the serious problems caused by the unresolved internal crisis, Syria currently keeps the status as a key element of the regional subsystem of international relations. It clearly explains the high level of interest of the world community in preserving and strengthening their influence not only on the Syrian policy that is adopted by the legal authorities, but also on the regional situation in general.
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The history of relations between modern Russia and the European Union (EU) totals about thirty years. Sanctions policy pursued by the countries of the Western Alliance, incl. The EU and Russia's countermeasures have significantly affected the decline in business activity in both the political and ec ... onomic spheres. There were significant fluctuations in the indicators of volumes and dynamics of foreign trade turnover, as well as changes in investment policy. The current geopolitical situation and the heterogeneous economic interests of the EU member states impede the effective development of mutual cooperation. Global challenges and threats are accompanied by deep transformational processes in international relations. The eastern turn in Russian's foreign economic policy, which meets strategic national priorities in multilateral relations with foreign countries (pragmatism, multi-vector, predictability), is a stimulating factor in the «new political and economic doctrine» of the West, based on the principles of mutually beneficial and equal partnership. Under these conditions, one of the priority areas in the framework of interaction between Russia and the EU remains activity in the field of energy policy, which forms a single economic space in the field of energy security and enhancing the mutual competitiveness of economies. Based on the results of the study of the main contradictions, the specific features of their manifestation, the main problems and prospects for the development of further cooperation of the EU Member States and Russia were identified.
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The article discusses the process of transformation of ethnicidentities in the modern world on the example of Astrakhan multicultural region.Being the "Gate of Eurasia", Astrakhan is historically a crossroads of cultures and religions, where different cultural worlds have gradually formed into one c ... ultural tradition that has a certain resemblance to the cultural values of Russian society, and at the same time possessed its uniqueness. The modern space of cultural diversity is unstable and characterized by a blurred identity. From the one side, globalization processes unify value categories with the help of mass culture, from the otherside, the threat of standardization increases the interest to own ethno-cultural traditional orientations and symbols through which they are positioned. One of the ways of fixing ethno-cultural identity is visual objects in urban space. Reflecting the stages of development of society, cultural signals change, modifying the structure and semantic load of cultural heritage. The processes of globalization violate traditional forms of identity, cast doubt on the identity of peoples, formed within the framework of previous traditions. This is especially acutely felt by representatives of small groups, ethnic, religious minorities and immigrants. The current transformation of habitual forms of identity triggers mechanisms of cultural identity transgression, which was one of the first changes under the influence of external and internal factors. Within the framework of this research, the author was interested in the problem of reflecting the transformation of the "native" identity of the population in the cultural landscape of urban space.
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The article is devoted to the study of the formation of family values in the younger generation begins at the earliest stages of personality formation in the family circle and continues in the process of socialization in society. The value attitudes associated with the institution of marriage and th ... e family are broadcast through various channels, ranging from parenting to a virtual environment. Frontier territories, such as the Astrakhan region, which are characterized by interfaith unions, are a special environment in which there are own mechanisms for maintaining the institution of the family and special channels for transmitting family values. These mechanisms include the reconstruction of a traditional wedding ceremony. As part of this study, the authors studied archival documents containing information about the traditional wedding ceremonies of the peoples living in the territory of the Astrakhan region. A content analysis of ritual traditions related to the creation of a new family (matchmaking, wedding, etc.) was also carried out, the reconstruction of which is carried out by modern cultural organizations of the region. The results of the study show that it is the wedding ceremony that can become an effective channel for transmitting traditional family values and the foundations of a particular people. The reconstructed wedding ceremony between partners, when one of them is a representative of a different nationality and religion, is a kind of portal through which the future spouse enters his new cultural environment and begins his adaptation at the initial stage of creating a family union. Participation in the restored wedding ceremony sometimes becomes an incentive for reflection on the subsequent religious transgressive transition of one of the spouses.
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The subject of this study is the sexual markers of Other's sexuality, reflected in the Internet space. With a hypothesis that modern Internet search engines create a base for the activity of network users, giving the illusion of anonymity and allowing to ask questions that one usually wouldn't like ... to ask other people, the authors resort to the analysis of Internet queries, extracting from them the main structural markers that are inherent in the ideas about the sexuality of the Other. The research methodology is based on the idea of a trilateral structure of the image of the Other, which includes food, clothing and sexuality, and the work of M. Foucault, who considers sexuality as manifestations of the concept of Power. The authors actively used semiotic methods of research, which allowed to identify the structure of the image of the Other and analyze it in terms of syntax, semantics and pragmatics. This study revealed six models of otherness. The European Other has absorbed a stereotype about relationships with migrants, which is rooted in the image of a European in the Russian media space. The image of an American Other is connected with incestuous markers. In the case of the Chinese, the line of demonization of the Other, which was observed in the analysis of vestimentary/alimentary markers, continues.
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The article is devoted to the study of the activities of Old Believer consents in the space of virtual networks. The Old Believer movement is quite conservative, selectively adopting modern technologies and new means of media communication, but is forced to use them to communicate with relatives and ... friends from other countries, as well as to find a partner for creating marriage and family relations. Today, in the virtual space there is an extensive religious content of the Old Believers: from the official websites of religious organizations to groups and pages on various social networks of community members themselves. A separate aspect of the study will be the analysis of various communication channels between Old Believers in virtual space. The main methodology of this aspect of the study was the content analysis of thematic sites (both official and unofficial), pages and groups in social networks.
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The author of the article reconstructs the theory of crises presented in different parts of Aleksander Bogdanov's fundamental work "Tektology. (General organizational science"). Special attention is paid to crises in the development of society. The author of the article brings together fragments of ... socio-historical material contained in different chapters of Bogdanov's book in order to organize integrity on the basis of Bogdanov's formulations of general laws of crises. The author clarifies the meaning and significance of such tektological concepts as "organizational form", "conjugation", "ingression", "disingression", "crisis of connection" and "crisis of separation", "ultimate equilibrium", "social histolysis", "asymmetric ingression" ("differentiation"). This work allowed the author to clarify the textual interpretation of anti-feudal (liberal) revolutions proposed by Bogdanov.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the possibility of the practical application of the philosophical ideas of L. Wittgenstein to the psychology of child development. The author substantiates the thesis about the significance of the psychological and pedagogical aspect in the work of Wittgenst ... ein, referring to the philosopher's emphasized interest in the process of learning and the formation of concepts in a child. On the basis of Wittgenstein's texts, the role of the «grammatical» influences on the formation of the psychological world of children is clarified, and the social factor determines their cultural development. The main recommendation of Wittgenstein regarding the effective way of child development is to teach the child to master concepts with the help of examples and practices, to help him discover his potential within the framework of social interaction.
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The article discusses the doctrine of community of the outstanding Russian philosopher and theologian S. N. Bugakova. The ecclesiastical and secular content of community as a dialectical unity of the spiritual principles of the individual and society is revealed. Theauthors concludethat the Bulgakov ... 's philosophy of community defines community as a symbol of faith, social ideology and social ideal. Conciliarity as a symbol of faith lies at the basis of church sociality, community as a social ideology - secular sociality, community as a social ideal - church-secular sociality. Thus, the dialectical triad of development of the category of sociality is distinguished: church sociality - secular sociality - church-secular sociality. Church sociality, church secular sociality and secular sociality correspond to various types of personality and activity. In church sociality a «canonical personality» arises, in church-secular sociality a «conciliar personality» arises, in secular sociality a «collective personality» arises. All forms of sociality are updated in the activity. Activities in church and secular sociality are characterized by dialectical contradictions: individual and collective, spiritual and material, sacred and worldly, divine and human. Orthodox collegiality is the dialectical removal of these contradictions in the experience of a whole and holistic life.
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This article analyzes the views of the Russian emigrants on the cultural heritage of N. M. Karamzin and his place in the formation of "science about Russia." In the beginning are given arguments of supporters and opponents about his reform of the Russian language. The worldview of Karamzin is traced ... with the philosophical ideas of the Enlightenment, which are based on the values of freedom, law and education. The author evaluates the concept of the monarchy of Karamzin in different political directions among the Russian emigrants and explores an assessment which is given by them about the dispute between Karamzin and Speransky on key issues of the development of Russia. The article also discusses the assessments of the Russian emigrants regarding to the contradictory views of Karamzin on serfdom and the prospects for its abolition.In the article we show that the commitment of researchers to different ideological camps among the Russian emigrants did not allow themto see the complete picture of Karamzin's worldview and understand what he wrote at the time when the main ideological currents were not doctrinally formed. And also we showthat the reproaches addressed to him about political inconsistency and about the confusion of ideas of liberalism and conservatism, are not substantial. The political and ideological preferences of the authors sometimes did not allow them to see many important ideas of Karamzin.So, in particular, Karamzin's concept of the transient nature of monarchy and the inevitable transition of all peoples to a republican form of government remained unnoticed.
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The topic and object of this study are the problems of national security of the Union State of Russia and Belarus; and the role of political elites in ensuring national security. The authors set as their goal to reveal the features of national security of the Union State of Russia and Belarus at the ... present stage. To achieve this goal, the author had to solve the following tasks: 1) characterize the general trends in the development of security as a global problem of our time; 2) determine the essence of understanding by political elites of the urgent problems of national security; 3) find out the main parameters of the economic security of Russia and Belarus in the Union State system; 4) establish the basic features of the political security of the Union State; 5) reveal the basic characteristics of cultural security and establish the constants of a single spiritual space. The paper gives an analysis of the general characteristics of security development within the framework of a modern global project and criticism of its main provisions; features of understanding by the current political elites of Russia and Belarus of the urgent problems of national security have been identified; found out the main factors that affect the security of the Russian Federation and Belarus in the system of their Union State. A decisive role in ensuring joint national security is played by the creation of a single educational space, the promotion of academic mobility, the double diploma programs of leading universities, and the implementation of joint cultural and scientific projects.
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The analytical review presents a wide range of problems of the current stage of development of philosophical and political knowledge in our country. In five issues of the Yearbook "Philosophy of politics and law" (2010-2014) published articles by leading scientists from various scientific centers of ... Russia on the conceptualization of the philosophy of politics as an educational and scientific discipline, the main problems and discussions on this issue, the historical aspects of the formation of the discipline, as well as such specific problems as the interaction of the state and civil society and the analysis of the two basic categories of philosophical and political knowledge-"politics" and "political".
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German journalist Frank Siren has been living in Beijing since 1994 and is a recognized expert on China and the Chinese economy. In his new book, he talks about the country's technical and economic progress, its underestimated influence today, common sense and geostrategic intentions. «China is no l ... onger a distant threat, China is already here! Politically and economically», says the author. This state is ambitious, well organized, it is as innovative as Silicon Valley, and more and more defines the international rules of the game. China relies on growth and digital technology and does not adhere to the Western model of democracy. It invests in mineral resources, key industries and infrastructure on all continents. The $ 1,000 billion New Silk Road project reaches the city of Duisburg in Germany. In the stock markets, Alibaba and Tencent are among the largest companies in the world. Frank Siren shows the reader how China directly challenges us, and what a new world power means for Europe, both opportunity and danger.
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