ABOUT SOME CONTRADICTIONS AND DISPROPORTIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE DURING THE POST-REFORM PERIOD

Annotation

The Great Reforms of the 1860s-1870s became an important period in the history of Russia. The reforms were supposed to free the country and its economy from obsolete feudal orders, primarily from serfdom.The results of the reform were very controversial. On the one hand, the reforms gave impetus to the development of capitalism, accelerated the development of the economy. But on the other hand, being the result of a compromise of various elite groups, they were incomplete and contributed to the preservation of remnants of feudalism, which led to serious disproportions and contradictions in the development of the country.The development of capitalism in industry was combined with the preservation of the former feudal order in the main part of the Russian economy - in agriculture. This was expressed in the preservation of noble land ownership, redemption payments, which were imposed on the peasantry, communities. All this impeded the penetration of capitalist relations into the industry. Most landowners were unable to adapt to the market, but their rapid ruin was hindered by state policy to support the nobility (soft loans, delayed payments). Only not a large part of the nobles managed to create cost-effective farms on the basis of their estates and fit into the market. Inside the peasant communities, a conflict was brewing between their wealthy elite - fists striving for economic isolation and the rest of the community. In industry, capitalism developed more successfully in new industries and in areas previously not affected by serfdom, for example, in the south of the country. The former serf regions in the post-reform period experienced difficulties and noticeably lagged behind the more advanced ones (for example, the metallurgical industry of the Ural region). A serious consequence of the post-reform period was a significant stratification in incomes. The preservation of feudal survivals and the absence of labor legislation, beggarly wages allowed industrialists and parts of the nobility to rapidly enrich them. Dissatisfaction with the existing order generated widespread protest, which served as the basis for the activities of various revolutionary organizations, including terrorist ones.

Keywords

• Россия
• реформы
• пореформенный период
• капитализм
• дворянство
• крестьянство
• пролетариат
• купечество
• мещанство
• Russia
• reforms
• the post-reform period
• capitalism
• nobility
• peasantry
• proletariat
• merchants
• philistinism
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