Issue 2017 No. 1 (50)

Traditions of democracy in Russia have the longest history and go back to the principles of social and political organization of the Slavic tribes. The article considers main processes of development of democracy in Kievan Rus X-XIII centuries, the principles of functioning of the Veche democracy in ... the Eastern Slavs and the old Russian Veche urban structures in XI-XIII centuries, examines the problems of relations between the princely power, nobility and the provincial government.
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The article is concerned with the history of ambassadorial relations between Kalmyk Khanate and the Qing Empire in the first quarter of XVIII century. We used the already well-known published materials and materials for the first time introduced into a science. They show important role of the Kalmyk ... Khanate not only in the foreign political system of Russia, but also in international relations in the Central Asian region. Archival sources turn of the XVII-XVIII centuries show the interest of Kalmyks in the implementation of contacts through China to Tibet. It was demonstrated that the purpose of the Chinese authorities`policy was to engage the Kalmyk Khanate to the war with Jungar on the side of the Ch'ing. Chinese Embassy of Tulishen negotiated with the Kalmyk Khan Ayuka. Scientific literature widely covers this embassy. The article analyzes the Kalmyks position in this matter. They were interested in maintaining peaceful relations with China and Dzungar Khanate. Some involved specialists argue that Ayuka took a neutral position. First of all, it was dictated also by politics of the Russian Empire. During these years, Russia has also repeatedly advocated the normalization of relations with Dzungar Khanate and the Qing Empire. In addition it was important to complete subordination Kalmyks in the sphere of international relations.
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In article the questions connected with formation of secular education in Dagestan are taken up. In the 17th century in Dagestan a peculiar writing - Adzham, in languages of the people of Dagestan on the basis of the Arab graphics has been created. Thanks to what the doctrine was available to anyone ... as practically in each aul there were religious schools where trained children to literacy. After accession of Dagestan to Russia, secular schools, for training of local population first of all in the Russian literacy which owing to a number of circumstances had poor development have begun to be created here. However from the moment of establishment of the Soviet authority in Dagestan secular education for the known reasons during the cultural revolution has forced out itself spiritual education, and together with her has deprived clergy of influence on masses.
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On the territory of Astrakhan region (Astrakhan province - during the First World War, the Astrakhan district / region - during the Second World War), thousands of prisoners were housed. Inevitably becomes a contact with the population. Local residents, most of them, treated them with sympathy, show ... ed concern and compassion. This «peaceful» Astrakhan relation to the prisoners confirmed by various sources (archival documents, periodicals, memoirs of eyewitnesses). Their study and analysis allows you to see the features of typical and special in a complex system of relationships with the local community of prisoners of war, reflected the polar emotions to the «prisoners of war» from sympathy to hatred, in various regions of Russia. The article aims to study the humanitarian aspects of military captivity. Note the authors focused on the everyday household problems of war, interpersonal relations in the course of employment, relations with the local population including women.
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Рўhe article deals with the problems of development of the oil industry in Grozny during the First World War. The imperialist war has led developed Grozny oil industry to the global crisis. Caused by it was the fact that the Black Sea straits of Bosporus and Dardanelles were closed, respectively, le ... d to the cessation of export of oil products and labor shortages. And yet, on the Grozny oil fields, oil production continued. During the First World War began to take shape regrouping among developed oil companies. By the Grozny oil fields increased interest of American capital, there is a merging of major foreign oil companies «Oylya» and «Nobel», continued to strengthen trust «Shell». However, the plans of the American capitalists was destined to fail. They destroyed the Great October Socialist Revolution of 1917, decided to all of these questions is not in the interests of the major corporations in the world, but in the interests of the Russian state. During the First World War, foreign capital share is somewhat reduced, which consequently leads to an increase in the share of domestic capital invested in Grozny's oil industry, which has grown to about 30 million. Despite the fact that broke many difficulties caused by the war, the oil monopolies under the influence of competition and thanks to the extraordinary cheapness of production increased oil production in the considered period. Fearing that the oil fields of Grozny fall into other hands, foreign companies began to predatory exploitation of oil fields, which has led to the depletion of oil fields in Grozny.
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In this author discusses the features of the political situation in 1921 in Soviet Russia. The study was research on archival and published material of a vast region of the country - the Volga region. The peculiarity of the Volga region was the fact that in contrast to the Tambov province, Ukraine, ... Western Siberia and others regions of the country, it has not formed a unified center of the peasant revolts. There were uncoordinated rebel groups in each province. Another feature of the political struggle has become a serious weakening of peasant households, which were not able to withstand drought and bad harvest in 1921 that led to a hunger and extinction of the tens of thousands of people. The most common form of protest at that time in this region was the peasant revolts that enveloped all the provinces of the Volga region. Especially harden was the fight in Pugachev district of Samara province, where insurgents peasants in May 1921, it managed to capture a Pugachev, the chief town of a district. The Tambov's peasants revolt, the so-called «Antonovshina», reaching to the Volga region. Several groups of the Tambov peasants came to the territory of Penza and Saratov provinces. In Penza province was the fierce battle between the military units of special-purpose and Antonov's bang. But the Tambov groups did not receive the support from the local peasantry and were therefore doomed to a failure. Most of the potential threat was the rebellion of Second Turkestan Division of the Red Army led by Sapozhkov, the former tsarist officer. The reasons of the mutiny became poor organization of supply, organizational confusion, war weariness, the conflict between the command of the division and the political department of the division and the threat of removal Sapozhkova and his deputies from his post. Thanks to quick and decisive action of command and military units of the Zavolzhsky Military District, the revolt not allowed to spread to other military units. The revolt was depressed for 3 days, and Sapozhkov was killed.
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The increased in recent decades interest in the problems of the Russian childhood, its ideas, boundaries, social concept, perception of a child as a person / as a part of a team, clearly illustrates the possibility of studying new aspects of the relationships between man and the state, the history o ... f the formation of the "new" man as the subject of a number of practices implemented by the state. Considerable attention is paid by Russian scientists to the anthropological understanding of urban culture. In this regard, the study of constructing the socialist outlook of children in the first decades of Soviet government, the analysis of social experience translation and new value systems through a specially organized «child» space of the city is urgent. In the article on cultural and territorial space of the provincial city of 1920-1930th is analysed on Tatar ASSR example, loci are allocated directly endowed with the «childishness». We consider the position of the child in a social context of the city, determining the structure / constituent elements of children's space, including not children objects, the author emphasizes its ethno-cultural character.
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The article reveals the content of the notion of linguistic nationalism as a source of current threats to national security of a multi-ethnic society, set preconditions for the emergence of this phenomenon and its manifestations in the globalized world. The aim of the article is to substantiate the ... thesis that the imposition of linguistic nationalism and politicized language problems are aimed at changing the ethnic group status within the national cultural space, which corresponds to the trend of social and cultural transformation of the globalized world, manifested in ethnic and cultural fragmentation of the world, strengthening ethnocratic regimes and the formation of supranational governance models, and leads to an increase in political rights and economic opportunities ethnos, strengthening their influence lingvosotsiokultural guidance on the nature of social relations. The article shows that linguistic nationalism, producing such ideologies as ancient, sacred, unique, language, largely conditional on the contradiction ethnolinguistic in a multiethnic society. The author concludes that in the context of globalization destructive content of linguistic nationalism lies in its focus on the destruction of national unity, which is expressed in the disorganization, disorientation and disintegration of forming a nation of subjects, and consequently, the destruction of the nation state and the erosion of historically cultural and civilizational borders, which ultimately leads to the formation of a new architecture of the world order.
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The article analyses the behavior of the policy at the present market of entrants of higher educational institutions: specificity, criteria for positioning, effective tools of research of the city of Astrakhan in 2016.

The ongoing Syrian crisis, marked a key global trend - a period when a limited group of countries can act according to their own interests, rather than the requirements of international law and morality, it is ended. Thanks to the intervention of Russia in September 2015 in the Syrian conflict proba ... bility of overthrowing the legitimate government of Syria, and, consequently, the implementation of US plans and their allies in the reformatting of the region, significantly reduced. A failure of the Russian-American agreement on the Syrian settlement has caused a sharp conflict between the US and Russia. And it came to open the terrorist and military threats to Russia. But Russia is not a country, with which you can talk to a position of strength. Russia has gained significant power and resources to enable it to act against the Western iniquities and to give an adequate response to any of his actions. Russia did not threaten war, it just showed the possibility of a hard political and economic response, capable, in case of further misconduct United States, realize the dream of Obama on the contrary - «to tear to shreds the economy and the financial system in Washington». Today, Russia - one of the few countries in conducting an independent policy, without the permission of the global hegemon, because we are the only one who has such an effective arsenal of weapons that have to reckon with it the United States. But the possession of these potential uses Russia not to intimidate or bragging rights, but in order to reformat the world, bring it back to the basic principles of justice that acted to the «victory» of the West in the «cold war».
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This article reveals the specifics of the main theoretical aspects of the process of cross-border cooperation, including consideration of the conceptual apparatus, as well as the major methodological approaches, models and types within the world of experience. The key participants of international r ... elations can have a significant impact on the state of the international situation and security, there may be States, international governmental, non-governmental and transnational organizations, individual regions, as well as some political parties and movements.
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The Foreign informing analyzed as a complex system which consists of a set of interrelated elements. It reveals the main purpose of this kind of information and carried out theoretical and methodological analysis of the concepts that reflect the different sides of foreign policy propaganda. The arti ... cle contains a historical review on the issue. Also disclosed features and trends of the foreign policy activity of informing some states now. In conclusion, given the general theoretical conclusions.
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In the years of perestroika in the Ukraine «Rukh» was created, the mass political «movement» did not initially exhibit anti-socialist orientation. After the «Orange Revolution» of 2004-2005 for power and solution of pressing social and economic problems «fronts» of the new generation struggle, which ... , like the population of Ukraine, have to be determined between the entry into the European Union or the preservation of the existing long-term relationship with Russia. »Fronts» act, being on different sides of the line of demarcation, revealing its original martial content.
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This article investigates the role of traditional religions in counteraction and prevention of religious extremism among the youth of Astrakhan region. Experts of this research are clergymen of traditional religions and national-cultural communities of the region. The article analyzes experts' under ... standing of the essence of religious extremism that was formulated by them as «In general, religious extremism is a deviant form of religious behavior but more often it has nothing to do with real religions and it is often used for personal purposes». Experts agreed that an intra-confessional extremism is typical for Astrakhan region but the level of its prevalence is not critical. Awareness of experts about the availability of prevention programs and measures to counter religious extremism is very low. So, more than 60 % of experts do not know or can not call anti-extremism programs. According to informed experts the most effective program is State program of counteraction of ideology of extremism and terrorism (50 %). The article examines reasons of unsuccessful realization of anti-extremism programs. In addition, the article evaluates the activity of religious organizations of traditional religions that aims to prevent extremism at the federal and regional levels. Experts appreciated the role of traditional religions in counteraction to religious extremism at the regional level. Sociological studies allow to identify key opportunities of traditional religions in counteraction to religious extremism.
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The article considers one of the most important aspects of cooperation between the Russian Federation with the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in the field of cultural and educational policy in 1991 and 2015. We are talking about the historiography of the problem. Actualize ... s the main tasks and directions of Russian research cooperation with the CIS countries, the Commonwealth of contextual priorities. Special attention is paid to the historiography of historical experience, the state and prospects of cooperation between the Russian Federation and the CIS countries in the sphere of culture and education in the 1991-2015 years. Important are listed in the article describing the research trends, the nature and dynamics of cooperation between the Russian Federation with the CIS countries, allowing to establish Russia's contribution to the further development and improvement of cultural and educational policy of the CIS countries. Consider including monographs, which fully or partially explored questions of cultural and educational policies implemented in the Russian Federation and the Commonwealth of Independent States. We characterize the writings of scientists and experts of Russia and other CIS countries, which can in the complex make the necessary groundwork for an understanding of the main essence of cooperation between the Russian Federation and the CIS countries in the field of cultural and educational policy, its condition and prospects of development.
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The article aims to explore political course of President Hassan Rouhani in factional system of Islamic Republic of Iran. Research is based on the methodology assuming the analysis of the impact of different factions on republican institutes. In addition, article describes the institutional specific ... ity of the Islamic republic as the form of government and the political agenda of the Islamic Revolution of 1978-1979. Author analyze the concept of В«Vilayat-e FaqihВ». This concept is base of modern Iran. The author gives a general description of the political disposition of the country before and after the elections of 2013. There is reduction of the president's influence on the political process after the elections. Also analyzes political agenda promoted by each faction. Article describes major Russian and foreign academic approaches to the analysis of fractional landscape of Iran. The main approach include four factions: reformists, pragmatists, traditionalists, principlists. All of this factions agree with the current configuration of political institutions and loyal to the regime. The emphasis is on differences in factional agenda like attempts of export of the Islamic revolution, position on the nuclear issue and the choice of an optimal model of economic development. The result of this research is the actual characteristics of the fractional balance of power in Iran and a description of the special role of the President.
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This article discusses military-political and strategic cooperation of Russia and China in the sphere of protection and national security. It is noted that the cooperation in the military sphere for Russia is a significant source of foreign exchange earnings, which contributes to the conservation of ... the Russian military-industrial complex potential. This allows the Russian military-industrial complex to expand military-technical cooperation, to develop normally, continuing to invest the minimum required funds in research and development work on the creation of new types of weapons and military technology. As for China, this is the ability to provide reliable access to modern military technology, to ensure the security and defense of the country. Military-technical cooperation of Russia and China also has high political importance, that contributes to a more durable and long-term consolidation of the exporting country to the importing market (recipient of technologies), but also allows to maintain a high quality level of the bilateral relations in general, increases their confidence and friendly nature. The important areas of Russia and China cooperation is the regional security, provided in the format of international organizations, primarily, SCO, BRICS, Security Council of UN; interaction between China and Russia to strengthen security in the Pacific region.
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The article is devoted to historical and philosophical analysis of the concept of «nation» is based on the heritage of the Russian philosophers abroad. Requires review of all the scientific and conceptual heritage linked to national issues, the realistic correlation of our understanding of the natio ... n with the events of real history and social practice, is necessary to study the cultures and traditions of the peoples living in Russia for the purpose of formation of the Russian nation and the all-Russian national identity.
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Quality is a unique philosophical category, through the prism of which we can make an evaluation of the many phenomena of social and personal sphere. This article analyzes the category of «quality of life» in the socio-philosophical aspect, from the perspective of its genesis and current research tr ... ends. Studied the origins of the quality and value of life associated with the ancient era, it illustrates its subsequent development in the history of social thought. It was revealed that in modern society, quality of life becomes one of the priorities of social development. The main problem at the present stage of development of knowledge is the systematization and conceptualization of theories of quality of life, analysis of assessment indicators and the formation of research methodology this category. Particular attention in this area deserve socio-philosophical and economic systems of indicators of the quality of life, reflecting its multidimensional nature.
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The research objective is to define the main distinctions in understanding motivation. It was revealed that the majority of psychological concepts of motivation either is identified with the concepts «motive» and «motivation», or subordinate «motivation» from «motive», or on the contrary. Anyway the ... motive in the theory is directly connected with motivation, however, as well as requirement. However diverse ideas of structure of motivation and sequence and the maintenance of those mechanisms which make it are composed of such various СЃonceptions of a ratio of motive and motivation. Various tendencies of this sort became the basis for definition of the following approaches in psychology concerning understanding of motivation: 1) subjective which is focuced directly on the subject and those conditions and rules according to which it can develop, or the science tries to investigate the elements which were put in the person and are present at a permanent type; 2) the objective - a factor of external character has priority importance, the motivation is defined and depends on a subject essence of the reality and need found in a concrete situation; 3) subjective and objective - the attempt to generalize achievements of those scientists which united dynamic and static beginnings in the sphere of motivation formation.
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This article is devoted to topical issues of civil society. The author believes that civil society has emerged in the era of the foundation and development of bourgeois social relations. That is during capitalism person is able to act freely inside existing laws and regulations, and to express its p ... osition on various issues, create political parties, trade unions and organizations of various kinds movement (youth, women, sports, etc.), and so on. In other words, capitalism means is not only the formal structures and institutions, but also informal.
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The article deals with the evaluation of the economic potential of Buddhism in a sociological teachings of Weber. The author notes that Weber characteristic of Buddhism as a religion of "flight from the world" is very controversial. The best refutation of this thesis is the rapid economic growth in ... the twentieth century, the countries of East and Southeast Asia. In addition, Buddhism has had a significant influence on the formation of business ethics and corporate culture of Japan. This is not to exaggerate the impact of Buddhism on the development and modernization of the Asian economies.
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The article is devoted to the socio-philosophical analysis of the problem of Russian spiritual identity in the works of VS Solovyov, who considered the revival of spirituality of the Russian people by the religious factor and determining the role of Russia in the Christian world. The philosopher bel ... ieved that the Russian people need a spiritual revival. The lack of progress and enlightenment could, in his opinion, lead to the loss of power of the Russian state. According to Solovyov, the main cause of spiritual degradation of the Russian nation is the assimilation of the secondary features of the West and the obsession with the Old Testament and pagan nationalism. Russian thinker advocated Russia's integration into the world of European culture and the assimilation of authentic moral values of the West. Russia's mission is to develop a worldwide Christian civilization.
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The subject of national security is of particular importance in a managed / unmanaged chaos and constant power capacity of the information war. World political elites are increasingly resorting to manipulative techniques making impact on the public consciousness. There is also an increasing requirem ... ent to ensure the reliability of policy information of strategic importance. Namely here lies the main threat to national security. In this paper, the problem of national security is considered in connection with the professional activities of the ruling political elites and their leaders. The consciousness of the political elites is sandwiched by real challenges and threats on the one hand, and the sophisticated phobias on the other. It manifests their complexes indicating their inferiority and professional incompetence.
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