Issue 2024 No. 1 (78)

For the first time, the article presents an overview and analysis of periodicals received in Velikoustyug-sky district of Vologda province at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries, which determines its scientific novelty. The purpose of the study is to show the activity of the readership in the provin ... ce during the period under study using the example of one of the major eastern centers of the province. The main sources were the reports of the Veliky Ustyug postal and Telegraph office from the funds of the state archives of the Arkhangelsk and Yaroslavl regions and the municipal archive of Veliky Ustyug. The application of the principles of historicism, contextuality, consistency, statistical analysis and historical and typological method of working with sources allowed us to obtain accurate quantitative indicators and identify thematic groups. As a result of the study, an increase in the number of newspapers and magazines received through the postal and telegraph department was revealed. The most popular among them were inexpensive publications with interesting articles on history, public thought, politics, the publication of literary works, in particular the magazines “Niva” and “Church Gazette”, the newspaper “Rural Bulletin”. The main reasons for the increasing popularity of periodicals were the increase in liter-acy of the population, the improvement of medical knowledge, scientific and technical discoveries, pro-gressive changes in industry and trade, etc.
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The relevance of the chosen topic lies not only in identifying the main stages of the history of the formation of the ethnic map of the Eastern Caucasus, but also in the need for a proper understanding and coverage of the problems of the ethnic history of the peoples of the region, as well as for un ... derstanding many phenomena in modern national processes. The historical cartography of the region of the period under consideration is considered in the article on the basis of documentary materials and special scientific literature. The Eastern Caucasus, and indeed the Caucasus as a whole, is one of the major geographical regions of the country, the various peoples of which have, along with their originality, a deep commonality of historical destinies. It should be noted that the delineation of the borders of national-ethnic possessions at various times presents great difficulties. The article also summarizes data on natural and climatic conditions, territories, borders, lines of demarcation of the region, settlement, ethnic composition. At the same time, it is shown that natural and geographical conditions predetermined the division of the region into flat and mountainous zones. The study of the ethnic map of the Eastern Caucasus will allow us to take a fresh look at the problem of the development of national historical science in the context of regional, regional and local historiography. The relevance of the topic is also determined by the peculiarity of the studied region, since the Eastern Caucasus represents a special cultural and historical type, determined by the diversity of natural geographical conditions, geopolitical originality, multinational and multi-confessional composition of its population.
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The article covers the process of formation and development of youth organizations of all social categories of the Astrakhan province in the revolutionary and post-revolutionary period. The February Revolution of 1917 stimulated the development of the youth movement in the country, in which school a ... nd student youth played the most active role. In the Astrakhan province it was represented, in particular, by the Council of Astrakhan Student Youth. The First Congress of Unions of Workers' and Peasants' Youth in 1918 (October 28 – November 4) played a fundamentally important role in the consolidation of the youth movement in Soviet Russia. The Soviet government and the Communist Party were interested in convening the congress and creating a Soviet All-Russian youth organization. The formation and further development of the Astrakhan Komsomol Organization in the 1920s shows the role of responsible secretaries in the creation and strengthening of the Komsomol. The purpose of the article is to study the leadership of the Astrakhan provincial committee of the RKSM. The number of executive secretaries and the duration of work in this position have been identified. In conclusion, the author notes that one of the key factors in the work of the provincial Komsomol committee in Astrakhan was the short period of activity as executive secretary.
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At the final stage of the civil war in Russia, the wave of resistance to the new power on the part of society did not subside; it took on different colors, covered different territories, varying the forms and means of struggle. During the period of “transformational changes,” public sentiment fluctu ... ated with incredible force from support to rejection of large-scale transformations of power, often carried out by extremely radical methods that led to armed confrontation between the parties. Among the poorly studied problems of Russian history are the issues of organizing the struggle of Soviet paramilitary forces with “green” detachments in the North-Western Caspian region. Identification of the entire complex of problems solved in this regard, reconstructing the image of the events under study, became the goal of this study. Its relevance is enhanced by the need to overcome ideological assessments of events given by Soviet historians, to include new sources and their interpretations from the standpoint of modern methodological approaches into the space of regional historiography. During the study, special historical methods were used: chronological, historical-genetic, historical-typological and historical-comparative. The source base for the study was the materials from the funds of the State Archive of the Astrakhan Region (GAAO). The group of main sources consisted of operational and intelligence reports, reports from the headquarters of the ChON of the Astrakhan province. Documents (transcripts of direct wire (telephone) conversations, telegrams, minutes of meetings, summaries, memos and reports) deposited in the funds of the Russian State Archive of the Navy (RGAVMF) were studied by the authors on the basis of those collected by V. L. Brzezinski materials, as well as his memories as a direct participant in the events.The article reflects the results of a study of the causes, directions and forms of armed confrontation between Soviet military formations and Sychev’s detachment on the territory of the North-Western Caspian region at the final stage of the civil war in Russia. Scientific publications of historians who studied various aspects of the problem were studied. New sources have been introduced into scientific circulation.
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The relevance of the study is due to the insufficiency of its elaboration, in the presence of a sufficient number of materials and sources on the topic of anti-air defense of Stalingrad during the Great Patriotic War. The purpose of the work is a detailed study of the activities of the 4th air defen ... se sector in Stalingrad. The source base is based on materials from the following archives: the Battle of Stalingrad Museum-Reserve, the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History. Special literature is also used on the topic. The article contains a brief overview of the bibliography on the research topic. Ideographic and historical-chronological methods were used to describe facts, phenomena and events. The materials of the article give a general description of defensive battles on the far and near approaches to Stalingrad, reveal the issues of air defense of the city in the Stalingrad strategic defensive operation. The article chronologically reveals the exploits of the soldiers of the 4th sector of the Stalingrad Corps Air Defense area from the moment of its creation to the termination of its activities. As a result of the study, examples of interaction between air defense units and ground units of the armed forces in Stalingrad were identified, and places of heroic battles of soldiers of the Stalingrad corps area of air defense were also identified.
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From the standpoint of today, it seems relevant to study the historical experience of the development of transport communications, since their decisive influence on strengthening the economy and defense power of the country is undeniable. The purpose of the work is, based on archival materials and s ... pecial literature, to study the role of the Caspian offshore shipping company "Raidtanker" in the implementation of the tasks of transporting oil and petroleum products in the Northern Caspian Sea in the first half of 1942. The sources for writing the article were the regulations of the State Defense Committee (GKO), which regulated the operation of water transport in the waters of the Northern Caspian Sea and the Lower Volga, published in the collection of documents and materials “Stalingrad Region in the Resolutions of the State Defense Committee” and previously unpublished paperwork documentation of the shipping company, extracted from the funds of the State Archives of the Astrakhan Region (GAAO). The research is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity, allowing to avoid distortions when conducting historical research. The use of general scientific and special historical methods made it possible to identify the essential characteristics of the problem under study. The article presents measures taken by the State Defense Committee and the shipping company itself aimed at improving its work. Based on the study, a conclusion is drawn about the exceptional importance of oil transportation in the Northern Caspian Sea in 1942 and the key role of the Reidtanker shipping company in their implementation. However, it was not possible to continue the work begun in full, since in the summer of 1942 the military situation in the waters of the Northern Caspian Sea and the Lower Volga became sharply complicated.
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Based on currently declassified documents of the CPSU Central Committee, stored in the funds of the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History (RGANI), the problem of the existence of various options for the development of the West Siberian oil and gas province in the second half of the 1960s is ... considered. Discovered by geologists in the mid 1960s in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug in the north of the Tyumen region huge reserves of natural gas required the country's leadership to urgently determine priorities in the development of the country's oil and gas complex. A fundamental decision had to be made: either to further develop traditional resource bases with favorable climatic conditions that did not require colossal funds, or to rely on the development of the West Siberian oil and gas province. The documents studied demonstrate that even in 1967, persistence was required from supporters of the accelerated development of Western Siberia to overcome doubts in the power structures. The conclusion is formulated that at that time there were three alternative approaches to the development of the West Siberian oil and gas province. Among the most optimal, from the point of view of financing and solving problems of an objective, natural nature, was the option of the Minister of the Oil Industry V. D. Shashin. It has been proven that the plan he outlined was distinguished by clear argumentation and references to positive foreign experience. It involved concentrating efforts on the largest fields, using rotational work methods, changing pricing policies and a significant increase in export volumes. It is impossible to overestimate the influence of such reports on the resulting decisions and the state of the Soviet economy in the 1970s.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the modern understanding of the phenomenon of ritual and the construction of ritual practices in the modern world using the example of Russian and regional space. The modern world has caused a transformation of traditional culture and forced it to adapt to ... new conditions. However, even today the ritual continues to perform key integrative, communicative and symbolic functions, which means it remains relevant. The materials used are data from historiography, modern domestic and foreign researchers, as well as data from online sources. For our research, we used the methods of ethnology and social anthropology. The article analyzes cases of the revival of Kalmyk Tengrism, the political action “Immoral Regiment”, the St. George's Ribbon, and the “ribbon” policy. Results. Ritual in modern society continues to perform key integrating, communicative and symbolic functions, which means it remains relevant. Accordingly, religious and political construction also affects ritual practices. The essential features of modern religious and political ritual practices are: firstly, a change in the position that ritual occupied in society or a change in the form of its implementation; secondly, rituals are consciously constructed with the help of social and political technologies, thirdly, rituals are individualized.
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The article comprehensively examines the main trends and features of the socio-economic development of Kabardino-Balkaria in 2005–2021. Particular attention is paid to identifying the main factors that led to a decrease in the efficiency of the region's economy. The implementation of the strategy fo ... r the socio-economic development of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic in 2005–2021 is covered; provides a comparative analysis of changes in gross regional product, retail trade turnover and investment in fixed capital in the region per capita; the dynamics of the main demographic indicators of the republic for 2005–2021 are examined; characterizes the numerical composition of the working population and its employment, as well as the share of the region in the main sectors of the economy in comparison with all-Russian indicators. Using statistical data, the distribution of population by size and structure of monetary income in the region was analyzed; the average per capita income of the population and the cost of living established in the Russian Federation, the North Caucasus Federal District and the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic were studied; The indicators of receipt of taxes, fees and other obligatory payments into the consolidated budget of the Russian Federation from the region are considered. Based on the study, it was concluded that in order to increase the efficiency of the economy, it is necessary to promote the development of the most promising industries in the region: tourism, agro-industrial complex, oil production and oil refining, production of building materials.
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Residents of agglomerations may be considered not only as an unambiguous object of identity politics, but also as a significant participant in this process. Formal and informal institutions of civil society, acting as local actors of public policy, have a significant impact on the formation of terri ... torial identity. The objectives of our study are to analyze the motivation for the creation of civic movements in the Krasnodar and Kazan agglomerations, to examine the grounds for community consolidation, and to demonstrate the impact of organizations' activities on regional identity politics. The research is based on the neo-institutional methodological framework, as well as the theory of new urbanism. To collect empirical data, we conducted Internet monitoring of the websites of various agents of identity politics, then applied the case study method to analyze different practices, searching for characteristic features and peculiarities. The main territorial and demographic characteristics of agglomerations and some risks in the process of formation of urbanized territories management system are presented. The article demonstrates the high potential of urban and district communities to self-organization, articulation of their interests and influence on the formation of territorial identity “from below”, through the development of institutions of “good neighborliness” at the local level. We identify the peculiarities of interaction between civil society institutions and government agencies in Krasnodar and Kazan agglomerations and describe positive examples of collaborative formats.
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The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that during the Special Military Operation in Ukraine, the Russian Federation and its citizens have faced growing russophobic sentiment in the West and within the country. In this regard, the State Duma even discussed the issue of introducing crim ... inal liability “for Russophobia” in Russia. However, one of the problems faced by supporters of the initiative was the vague nature of the “Russophobia” concept and the need to systematize it for further legislative activity. Thus, the purpose of the study is to highlight and systematize key approaches to the definition of the term “Russophobia”. As sources for the research, the author used journalistic and scientific articles posted on the Internet. They were analyzed using the following methods: discourse analysis, content analysis and political-textual analysis. As a result, it was identified that there are two key approaches to understanding of “Russophobia”: psychological and communicative. In the first approach, can be called classical a definition coined into social circulation by F.I. Tyutchev. Representatives of the second approach understand Russophobia as a strategy or tool of information warfare. Separately, there were highlighted works in which Russophobia is defined as an ideology, as a way of manipulating public consciousness, as a variant of ethnophobia, as a manifestation of xenophobia, as a form of racism, and as a type of extremism. At the same time, there is also a point of view that completely denies its existence. Thus, the study showed that consensus on the definition of Russophobia has not been reached yet, and the scientific community has to solve this problem.
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The relevance of the proposed topic is determined by the fact that in the activities of Russian non-profit organizations (NPOs) in the last 10 years there have been serious changes associated with the transformation of the socio-economic and political situation in the country and in the world. There ... fore, the aim of the work was to study the changes in the landscape of non-profit organizations that occurred after the adoption of the law on foreign agents, the pandemic of a new coronavirus infection and the beginning of a special military operation. The sources of the research were the updated legislative base in the field of non-profit organizations (from 2012 to the present), publications by leading scientists, and the results of the Pulse of NGOs survey conducted by the Center for Evaluation of Public Initiatives of the National Research University Higher School of Economics. The following research methods were chosen as the leading ones: analysis of literature and sources, comparative analysis, comparative institutional analysis, system analysis. Because of the conducted research, it was concluded that in recent years Russian non-profit organizations have faced a number of “challenges” of various kinds. All this influenced the activities of these organizations and their structure, led to a significant reduction and curtailment of some types of interaction with the population, but the emergence of new types of activities. In conditions of increasing threats to the national security of the country, the state seeks to divide non-profit organizations into “friendly” and “unfriendly” ones. It tries to label the “unfriendly” as foreign agents and support the “friendly” ones with grants, offering those forms of active cooperation. The transformation of the social landscape, the orientation and aspirations of non-profit organizations in a period of turbulence is inevitable, while often the vectors of movement of former colleagues are multidirectional. However, as practice and research conducted by non-profit organizations show, in response to new requests, and because of the revision of previous activities, non-profit organizations are ready for changes.
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There is no singular civilization. The history of mankind is a museum of civilizations in open history. Therefore, we should talk about the plurality of civilizations (multi-civilizationism) and the multiple nature of their interaction. This multiplicity ensured their competition and selection. The ... balance of power that emerged between them determined their alignment in the geopolitical arena and significantly influenced the historical destinies of their peoples. At the moment, the world is experiencing another painful change in the vector of development of international relations, when the entire world system is being rebuilt. The previously dominant geopolitical strategies showed their false nature. In practice, they actually turned out to be arbitrariness and provocations of the ruling elites, speculating on imaginary threats that they themselves invent. New world centers are beginning to build their own system of international relations, which causes stiff resistance from the hegemons leaving the world arena. The concept of a plurality of civilizations (multicivitas) is replacing the dominance of one elite (Western) civilization. The purpose of this study is to analyze the Valdai speech of V. V. Putin 2023, in which new initiatives were expressed that had philosophical and ideological values. The quintessence of this speech is the idea of a plurality of equal and self-sufficient civilizations around which the future world order will be built.
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Current studies of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) are mostly conducted from the perspective of realism or liberalism, emphasizing the influence of traditional geopolitical factors or expanding security cooperation on the issue of economy, trade, energy, etc., leaving other factors in th ... e background. By emphasizing social attributes in international relations, constructivism can effectively compensate for shortcomings in current research, especially A. Wendt's identity theory, which constructs a complete framework for analyzing collective identity through four basic variables. According to this theory, the SCO relies on interdependence on border issues, a common fate in combating terrorism and countering external interference, and institutionalized self-restraint led by the “Shanghai Spirit” to shape the organization's collective identity, but the objective fact of low homogeneity among member states prevents the organization from developing further. Starting from the position of constructivism, this article analyzes the identity of the SCO with the help of A. Wendt's identity theory, which helps expand theoretical research on the SCO and enrich existing studies of the identity of international organizations. At the same time, it recognizes the organizational positioning of the member states, which will help define step-by-step goals and development strategies for the SCO and improve the effectiveness and quality of regional cooperation in the future.
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In modern socio-humanitarian discourse there has been accumulated a significant knowledge about the manipulation of consciousness, on the one hand, and social transformations determined by digitalization, on the other. There’re considered features of socio-philosophical development in the postmodern ... era. The author of the article aim to explicate the phenomena of the genesis of the manipulation of public consciousness in connection with the change of the technological, economic, social and philosophical paradigm. This article explicates the features of the transmission and internalization of information as characteristics of the mass manipulation of social behavior. It studies the development of technologies of mass manipulation in the context of the dynamics of transformations in the ways of transmitting information. Postmodern and informatization are the determinants of the bifurcation point in the development of the strategy of mass manipulation. Digitization provides quick access to any content. Virtualization dismantles objectivity as a criterion of reality, now information creates truths, and not vice versa. The humanization of modern society creates the prerequisites for the preferred use of “soft power” as opposed to direct coercion. The article also discusses the socio-psychological features of the psyche and thinking of a person, which facilitate the process of immersing him in the content fabric of mass manipulation. As the basis of this process there’s considered the basic need for security, which manifests itself in certain mental phenomena. Methods of individual opposition to mass maniipulations are proposed for consideration.
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The article is devoted to the study of a complex problem – the socio-economic specifics of the Caspian macroregion as a potential threat to Russia's societal security. The author uses a comprehensive research methodology: socio-philosophical, political-philosophical, socio-economic, societal approac ... hes. The interdisciplinary analysis allowed the author to comprehend the Caspian macroregion as a special socio-economic space, as well as to give a brief description of the situation of each actor country. The author pays great attention to the geopolitical context of the stated problem. Throughout the article, the author has been carrying out the idea that the problems of the Caspian macroregion cannot be considered in a narrow regional aspect. The result of the article is the author's identification of the following specific characteristics of the Caspian macroregion as a special socio-economic space: large reserves of energy resources, geopolitical (logistical) position, dominance of the raw materials sector, socio-economic problems, the influence of socio-cultural factors, as well as the high activity of NATO countries and China in this region. This socio-economic context will also determine the potential of threats to Russia's societal security in the Caspian macroregion. Among these, the author considers the risks of loss of economic advantages in the field of production and transportation of energy resources, the obstacle to Russia's participation in the development of transport and logistics corridors (North – South, West – East), the incitement of social, interethnic conflicts against the background of socio-economic problems, as well as the risks of direct military threats, in the event of increased geopolitical and geo-economic “presence” NATO countries in the Caspian macroregion and related countries.
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The article examines the examples of sacred epistles, so-called “magic letters”, or messages of representatives of the old Russian sectarianism of Judaizers who had been living in the territory of the Astrakhan province since the 19th century. Magical letters, or “circular”, “saints” ones as well as ... “letters of happiness” are considered to be one of the genres of the folk culture known for many centuries. As a rule, magical letters are of divine origin and under certain conditions they promise protection from some catastrophes and misfortunes. The relevance of the article is connected, among other things, with the clear definitions of the sectarian epistolary heritage. The ultimate goal of the study is to define boundaries between official and deviant religious commitment. Using analytical, interpretative and axiological scientific methods, the authors argue with the famous researcher A. L. Lvov about the attribution of sectarian letters that were considered by him as religious and magical texts. Based on the absence of the usual characteristics of such texts – the divine origin, the evidence of magical effects on respondents, the threats to vital values and compensatory nature ‒ the authors disagree to define sacred epistles of Judaizers as magical religious texts thus concluding that they are more likely to be attributed to ritual practices.
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In the article idleness is understood not as freedom from labor and work, but as a constitutive principle of human existence. The relevance of the study lies in the attempt to explicate the positive ontological meaning of the phenomenon of idleness and to identify the role and significance of idlene ... ss in human existence. The initial idea of the article is an attempt to reveal idleness as a suspension of activity, as a form of existential epoch, which in the ontological perspective allows a person to discover the close as the primary ontological background, with which a person is connected by the essential way of his being; in the anthropological perspective idleness opens to a person his being possibilities, his ethos (form-life), his own way of existence and, finally, idleness is interpreted as a necessary condition of politics. In order to realize its purpose, the study aims to analyze the phenomenon of proximity and the related categories of privation and deprivation in the fundamental ontology of M. Heidegger, to the understanding of amechania in the of V. V. Bibikhin conception and the concepts of activity and potentiality, manner and gesture in the critical philosophy of G. Agamben.
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The relevance of the issue associated with the disintegration of human integrity is confirmed by the analysis of the obtained data on the connection of a person with the world and their Creator. This research is focused on criticizing approaches that lead to the fragmentation of human beings, ideas, ... and territories for scientific study, leading to the loss of unity and truth in the scientific world. The subject of the study in this article is the apocalyptic approach in history and modernity, and its influence on the integrity of the individual and their connection with the world. The goal is to investigate the historical sovereignty of the individual and their culture, as determined by Divinity in relation to traditions and heritage. The study addresses the concept of the “picture of events” as history and its influence on the immortality of its author. The method, viewing the picture as an image that separates the event from the changing world, creating its immortality, uses intertextuality and collage to express the primary action of disclosure. The picture consists of fragments reflecting the individual, nations, and cultural worldviews. The originality of the study draws attention to the fact that individual nations offering restrained concepts for the individual allow them to coexist with other forms for a relatively long time, unlike global civilizations subject to destruction under the weight of their own dominance. As a result of the study, conclusions were drawn about the development of the global perception of the dominant Man in the history of progressive directions, which had a colonizing and destructively tragic character. Hence, the aim is the need to develop more balanced concepts, considering diminished concepts of existence proposed by smaller cultures. Thus, this article contributes to understanding the problem of the catastrophe of human integrity and their connection with the world, as well as proposes a reevaluation of existing concepts and a search for new ways to ensure unified and balanced human existence in the world.
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The purpose of this article is to study the history of the formation of the concept of abstract art and to identify its characteristic features. The author proceeds from the idea that abstractism is not only a trend in art, but also a form of modern thinking. The practical significance of abstractio ... nism here is expressed in an address to the person, namely in his translation to the world. The study attempts to identify the differences between ordinary forms of thinking and narrative forms of thinking. In the historical-chronological section, the forms of identification and comparison of irrelevant art will be closely related to the historical movement of philosophical, socio-political thought Modern art is largely based on the phenomena of transmedia and multimedia, where the impact of abstraction can be traced to a wide variety of cultural activities, from architecture and building lighting to advertising, from cinema to poetry. As a result, the author concludes that abstract art continues its development in modern times and requires an anthropological and deconstructive approach. Since, in our view, the abstract exposes the mechanisms of interpretation and work of consciousness, a large-scale multidisciplinary study of modern abstract art can lead to interesting conclusions
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In the article, the author compares the understanding of human consciousness in the works of F. M. Dostoevsky and A. P. Platonov. The main works involved in the study are the novellas by A. P. Platonov “The Pit” and the novel “Chevengur”, as well as the works of F. M. Dostoevsky “The Double” and “No ... tes from the Underground”. The auxiliary methods of the scientific article are comparative and textual analysis, and the main one is anthropological, as such, which will help achieve the purpose of this article, namely: to identify the difference in understanding consciousness and human duality in the views of F. M. Dostoevsky and A. P. Platonov. In both cases, the reason for a person's duality is the presence of consciousness in him. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that the author, giving a comparative analysis of the understanding of human consciousness in the space of philosophy by F. M. Dostoevsky and A. P. Platonov, comes to the conclusion that the duality of human nature generated by consciousness has the same reason among thinkers, but completely different consequences. The “intensely conscious” person of F. M. Dostoevsky, thanks to consciousness, exposes existence to radical reduction, freeing up space for the inner. He dreams and lives in the world of the given, not the existent, i.e. doubles the world to a picture of the world, thus filling reality with meanings created in the horizon of consciousness. Consciousness in A. P. Platonov also entails the duality of human existence, but this duality is perceived by a person exclusively tragically. The isolation of a person from the world and the inability to merge with it generates in the heroes of A. P. Platonov a sense of the meaninglessness of the world, bitterness and fear. In addition, the very duality of man is understood differently by thinkers. The “Dual man” by F. M. Dostoevsky is someone who is divided inside one of his consciousness, crucified between reality and a dream, and A. P. Platonov's “dual man” is someone who suffers from the inability to connect the inner and the outer, which turns into the formula for him “grief lives in me like a substance” (A. P. Platonov).
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