Issue 2023 No. 1 (74)

The history of interior design belongs to a fairly young area of historical research, scientific interest in which took shape only in the second half of the XX century. Now we live in a "redesigned world" (Ralph Kaplan), which determines the activation of attention to the past of design, including ... the past of the interior. This topic is especially in demand in regional studies, in the content of which much has been studied, with the exception of the "material world". All of the above actualizes the topic of this study. The work is based on sources characterizing the interior of Russian mansions of the first half of the XIX century, as well as on sources of local lore, in the study of which the historical-genetic method and methods of system-functional analysis and synthesis are applied. The article emphasizes that having your own house with fashionable interior accessories and decor in prestigious areas of metropolitan and provincial cities of Russia was a measure of the status and wealth of their owners in the first half of the XIX century. It is noted that during the period of the late Empire and the beginning of eclecticism, the concept of comfort changed, which was reflected both in the changed layout of buildings and in the introduction of new approaches to interior decoration
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The establishment of Soviet power in Chechnya determined its development for many decades, the consequences of which we are still experiencing. The authors note that after the February Revolution, the Provisional Government showed inactivity in resolvi ... ng the urgent contradictions in society. The Bolsheviks, having put forward political programs, slogans that met the interests of the vast majority of the population, not only took power in the Center, but also managed to establish it in the national outskirts of Russia. The article addresses such a little-studied issue as the situational alliance of the Bolsheviks with the local Islamic clergy in Chechnya in 1919 to fight against Denikin's army. The purpose of this article: to consider issues related to the establishment of Soviet power in Chechnya in 1917-1920. When writing the work, the works of famous scientists published both in the Soviet period and post-Soviet were involved. The article concludes that in the struggle for the establishment of Soviet power, the leaders of the Bolshevik government showed solidarity and devotion to the ideals of their party. Despite all the negative assessments of the revolutionary transformations of 1917-1920, the authors call for respect for the choice of previous generations. The accumulated experience must be studied in order to avoid repeating previous mistakes
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The increasingly complicated geopolitical situation, the need to increase the volume of weapons and their modernization is extremely relevant to the study of plots related to the restructuring of the defense industry during the Great Patriotic War. The ... purpose of the study is to investigate the problem of restructuring the People's Commissariat for Armaments in wartime conditions and evaluate the results of its activities on the basis of published and significant archival sources. The basis for the study is the theory of modernization. The methodological basis of the study was the principles of historicism, objectivity and reliability. The study of the problem was carried out on the basis of a wide range of previously published and previously unpublished documents, which are currently stored in the funds of the State Archive of Economics. The main directions of the development of weapons technology, the mechanisms for a sharp increase in the volume of output by enterprises, the factors that caused not only growth, but also the improvement of qualities, and the technological re-equipment of the industry were determined. It is proved that the People's Commissariat of Armaments, which carried out developments in accordance with the requirements that emerged during the hostilities, managed to create a number of new models of cannon, mortar, aviation and small arms, as well as opto-mechanical devices that technically updated the weapons of the Red Army, and, as a rule, not inferior, but for the most part superior in combat properties to foreign models. Issues related to the work of the People's Commissariat in 1945 to assess the production capacity of German industry, to determine the size of the reparation fund that could be used to compensate for the losses of the NKV caused by the war are considered. The conclusion is formulated about such a determining factor of the Victory as the state administration system, which managed to mobilize all the resources. It was centralization and strict discipline that could ultimately ensure the optimal manageability of state, military and political structures. People's Commissariats turned out to be among the most important links in this system.
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The article is devoted to the development of Russian-Afghan relations in the field of cultural cooperation. The historical and cultural heritage of Afghanistan has suffered on a significant scale during the years of military upheavals and disasters. Ma ... ny architectural monuments were destroyed, sometimes, deliberately, for ideological reasons, museums were looted, the thirst for profit pushed "black diggers" to illegal excavations. The world cultural heritage has been seriously damaged. International contacts in the field of culture and education were interrupted. However, it should be emphasized that some objects that were considered lost actually "survived", for example, many valuable artifacts of the Kabul Museum, among which is the famous collection of "Bactrian gold". This became possible, among other things, thanks to the help of Russian scientists in organizing and conducting archaeological research. The Afghan state is taking certain steps to protect the country's cultural heritage by building contacts in the field of cultural cooperation with other countries, including Russia. Contacts interrupted by the war between the Russian Federation and Afghanistan are being established in the educational sphere, which is characterized by a rich historical experience of interaction between both states. Russia's assistance in training specialists for Afghanistan helps to strengthen the system of national personnel
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The paper is devoted to the study of memory regimes in the post-Soviet states. The author refers to the classification of memory regimes into antagonistic, cosmopolitan and agonistic ones and aims to analyze the reason of domination of the antagonistic ... mode of memory in the FSU countries. The study reveales a correlation between the regime of memory and the specifity of nation-building proccess, as well as the type of political regime. Formation of an agonistic regime after 1991 was hindered, firstly, by the type of post-Soviet political regimes, a significant part of which can be defined as an autocracy. The second reason is the processes of nation-building, which were understood mostly as a movement towards a homogeneous ethno-nation, not a culturally diverse civic nation. In this situation, the possibility of struggle between mnemonic actors, which constitute the basis of agonistic memory, turns out to be significantly limited. A necessary condition for moving towards an agonistic model of memory is the combination of an inclusive model of the nation and democratic politics, which turns out to be very problematic in post-Soviet realities.
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The turn of the 2010-2020s is characterized by crisis at several levels - global, international (interstate), regional and national. The ethnic factor is once again taking on a special significance in the analysis of political processes, including thos ... e in the Euro-Atlantic area. The paper analyzes European Identitarianism as a form of pan-nationalism, akin to such pan-nationalist movements of public thought as Pan-Germanism, Pan-Slavism, and Pan-Europeanism. The aim of the article is to identify the peculiarities of the current stage in the evolution of the right-wing party-political sector in Europe. The theoretical and methodological bases are the concept of divided societies, identitarian approach, the case-study method and the comparative method. The identitarian worldview is considered as an attempt to adapt right-wing discourse to the new realities of the post-Westphalian world order, in which the national-territorial state undergoing crisis is gradually losing its role as the monopoly subject of the system of international relations. European identitarians' appeals to pan-ethnic and cultural pan-national identities reflect the objective fact that alternative political spaces (transnational, sub-national, supranational, pan-national) are taking an increasingly important place in world politics. At the same time, the question remains open as to whether the identitarianists are able to overcome their marginal status and enter the mainstream political field.
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The research contributes to socio-political studies of 19th Europe. It also concerns the current issue of church politics. The article purposes an analysis of the writings of Prussian statesman and historian B. G. Niebuhr and the interrelation between ... his political ideas and religious beliefs. The interrelation is traced with the help of modern methods such as comparison, synthesis, interpretation of results, internal criticism of sources, political textology. The article is based on the works of German and Russian researchers. It shows the significance of the religious component and doctrine of Protestantism in Niebuhr’s interpretation. His theocentrism led him to the idea of divine natures of state and constitution. He also developed the concept of “complete” Reformation and aimed to get rid of the “true” faith from the “religious” one as a Protestant and Luther’s adherent. The concept became a link between Niebuhr’s religious beliefs and his project of political reforming Prussia which included the implementation of local government principles. The research results allow to speak about Niebuhr’s holistic belief system.
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The article is devoted to the study of the international activity of the subjects of the Russian Federation. The transformation of the system of subjects of international relations influenced the relevance of the study. The number of subjects on the in ... ternational arena that influence foreign policy and take part in foreign policy is growing. These include the subjects of federations. The purpose of the study is to identify the problems of international activity of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and develop proposals for overcoming them. The problems of organization of international activity of subjects of the Russian Federation are revealed. It is proved that mistakes were made both by the subjects and the federal center. A significant number of problems is related to the imperfection of the legal framework of the Russian Federation. It includes the confusion of concepts, the lack of clarity in concepts, the ambiguity of interpretations. The second part of the article describes the international activities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation related to the Caspian region. The importance of the region is revealed, the problems associated with the establishment and development of international activities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are highlighted.
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In the western regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which are of geopolitical importance for the Russian Federation, the format of political protest is changing. Therefore, the article analytically examines the expression of mass civil discontent in ... these territories, and determines its specificity. The materials for the study were 70 cases of political protests in the west of Kazakhstan for the last ten years (obtained from the catalog of mass protest events with the use of violence, compiled by ACLED experts), data from an anonymous survey of 138 Kazakh citizens in Russia about their perceptions of political protests in their country, as well as about the experience of their participation in such, 123 publications of the media of Kazakhstan ("Caravan", "Tengrinews", "Newtimes", "Fergana.ru", "Сentrasia.ru", "Paruskg.info" and others), processed with the help of event analysis, content analysis, system of comparative and neoinstitutional analysis. Conclusions are drawn that the specific features of modern protest in the western regions of Kazakhstan are: initiation on economic and labor grounds with further political motives, strong pressure on protesters and intolerance to alternative voices from the government system, bloodshed, criminalization, radicalization based on Islamic fundamentalism, decentralization and digitalization.
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The study concentrates on the analysis of the activities of Turkish governmental and nongovernmental organizations in the territory of the Adjarian Autonomous Republic. The major historical period covered by the research is the post-Soviet era that pre ... ceded the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. The research questions focus on the Adjaro-Turkish interaction in the economic and religious spheres in the specified period. The implementation of the Neo-Ottoman policy in Adjaria is the central topic of this study. The paper discusses the historical processes that determined the vector of Turkish-Adjarian relations. It also analyses the main characteristics of the current state of interaction by Turkey's soft power policy in the area. The transit role of Georgia in projects connecting Turkey with Azerbaijan and the countries of Central Asia ensures the development of the Pan-Turkic direction within the Neo-Ottoman concept. Nevertheless, we should say that the promotion of a supranational identity by means of the single economic and cultural space of Turkey and other Turkic states, united by origin and a common religion, is much easier than pursuing a similar policy towards a Christian Kartavelian-speaking country. Batumi possesses a substantial transit hub necessary for the implementation of further energy projects, so Turkey needs to maintain its presence here. Potential pipelines from Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan may be placed along the Caspian seabed, by skirting the land border of Iran and Russia. Consequently, Turkey increases the attractiveness of Adjara to Turkish tourists and entrepreneurs, strengthening its presence in the life of the region.
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In modern international conditions, there is a historical change of two types of structures: world economic and technological, which are accompanied by global transformational transformations in the world. If the change of previous ways took place in t ... he Western world, then new ways are being formed in the Asian part of the Eurasian continent, which is in the focus of the world community. Geopolitical integration processes of global significance are associated with the past large-scale summits in the Central Asian republics (Samarkand SCO summit; Conference on interaction and confidence-building measures in Asia; the first meeting of heads of state in the format "Central Asia - Russia"; session Council of Heads of State of the CIS Member States; the ninth summit of the Organization of Turkic States and the IV Consultative Meeting of the Five Heads of State of Central Asia). The Greater Caspian also "participates" in the formation of the geopolitical and economic space, based on the general principles of Eurasian integration. In this regard, a priority strategic area of research is an expert assessment of the existing and future geopolitical and economic landscape of the Greater Caspian. The study is based on the methods of comparative and systemic interdisciplinary analysis, statistical and historical assessments, the institutional method, political-analytical and other measurements. The results of the research made it possible to substantiate the main conclusions about the objective nature of the transformational transformations on the Eurasian continent, the growing role of regional organizations in the consolidated participation in the international agenda and the strategic priorities of the world's leading economies in the development of Greater Eurasia as a large civilizational project.
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China is currently in the process of emerging as a great power. In this process, the country has reached a very high level, its GDP has risen to the second highest in the world, its foreign exchange reserves have also ranked first in the world for many ... years, China's comprehensive national strength is becoming stronger and stronger, but there is still a big gap in soft power. The «One Belt, One Road» strategic concept is now an inevitable requirement for building China's new model of comprehensive openness and an inevitable choice for promoting shared prosperity among Asian and European countries, making high demands on China's soft power construction. Against this background, it is necessary to explore how to strengthen China's soft power. The concept of "soft power" was proposed by the American scientist Joseph Nye in the early 1990s. Since then, “soft power” has primarily meant cultural appeal, as well as the ability to shape international rules and resolve political issues through persuasion and interest in cooperation. The article provides evidence that "soft power" works at the expense of its own attractiveness, and not by forcing others to do what they do not want to do.
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The purpose of the article is to investigate the explication of mental processes, structures, phenomena and mechanisms that become the basis for the implementation of effective manipulation. The article analyses the role of the unconscious in thought p ... rocesses. These processes are studied to allow decision-making not only through conscious logically consistent thinking but also as a result of some automatic, imaginative, emotional processes that do not necessarily require the active functioning of consciousness. An analysis is made of rational and irrational thinking, the condition of the human intellectual process, which allows manipulative influence on it. Methods of breaking and blocking, as the critical analysis of information, are determined. The techniques of persuasion are also studied. The principles of operation and the share of participation of System 1 and System 2 in the decision-making and behavioural regulation of the individual are considered. This analysis is made of technologies and techniques that allow for discursive indoctrination of a manipulative type. The basic individual need for security is considered to be a source of mental phenomena and processes that ensure the effectiveness of manipulation. The implication of the need for security in such mental processes and phenomena as: conformity, the need for social belonging, explanatory constructions, discipline and rules, which are explicated in the need for descriptive and prescriptive knowledge, is analysed.
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This article discusses the construction of the image of law enforcement institutions in social communications. The importance of the communicative function of law enforcement institutions is pointed out, its philosophical and legal aspects are analyzed ... . The existing problems in the communication of the institutions of law and order and society, hindering its effectiveness and consistency, are noted. The relevance of the study is determined by the increasing role of bilateral and transparent social communications for the effective operation of law enforcement institutions in modern Russia. The methodological basis of the study was general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, descriptive and formal legal methods (in terms of analyzing the text of normative legal acts). The theoretical basis of the study was the works of domestic and foreign philosophers, political scientists, sociologists and jurists of different years, concerning the topic of law and order, institutions of law and order and their social communications. The result of the conducted research is the formulation of the conceptual foundations and current directions for the development of the communication activities of the police institute, as well as proposals on ways to improve the image of the internal affairs bodies.
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The article discusses the features and manifestations of the process of virtual gamification in the economic sphere. The main features of the modern economic sphere, understood within the framework of the concept of "late capitalism" are highlighted. T ... he features of the concepts of "production" and "consumption" within the framework of the temporality of late capitalism are outlined, and a conclusion is made about the playful nature of modern consumption. A model for understanding the concept of "consumption" in the context of virtual gamification of the economy has been built. A socio-philosophical analysis of the main manifestations of the introduction of game mechanics into the process of direct production, as well as consumption in the temporal conditions of late capitalism, has been carried out. Using specific examples, the author explores the possibilities of using game mechanics (including PBL gamification) in the economic sphere of society. On the basis of statistics, cases of impulsive purchases within the framework of Double Eleven sales in China are described, and the possibilities of using crowdsourcing platforms in modern production are also investigated. A brief description of the current state of the video game industry as part of the modern economy is also given, in particular, the main problems and prospects for the Russian video game industry are highlighted. Based on the study of statistical studies, a conclusion was made about the deepening of the process of gamification and the importance of its further theorizing and socio-philosophical analysis.
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The concept of "nature" is of greater interest since it is associated with a whole system of understanding the world and human. Of particular importance is the philosophy of I. Kant in which "nature" was of great importance. He analyzes this term, iden ... tifies the relationship and context that are necessary for the existence of "nature". In addition, “nature” was understood as broadly as possible: not only from an aesthetic point of view, but also from an ontological point of view, and also as a subject of science. The article is devoted to the philosophical and anthropological consideration of the term "nature", since this approach is characteristic of the late works of I. Kant. The term "nature" will be considered in the light of the basic question "what is human?" This question, firstly, postulates an understanding of nature as a relation of human, hence revealing to us the knowledge of human himself. Second, nature as such, outside of human, according to Kant, remains inaccessible. The genealogy of this concept and its main characteristics that distinguish “nature” from “world” are analyzed. "Nature" is thus shaped by the following concepts: wholeness, systematicity, rationality, and necessity. Kant thus endows "nature" with categories peculiar to human. It acts as a mechanism that partly explains the structure of man himself, since there is an identity between the two. The only thing that "nature" lacks and that human has, according to Kant, is the domain of the noumenal, which allows human to be free. If nature is the cause of human's rationality, then spontaneity, which burdens nature and gives birth to purpose, is recognized as proper humanity.
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This article examines the main Kazakh symbols in the context of cultural memory and the current state policy of independent Kazakhstan. The author considers national symbols as symbols that support and form the national identity of Kazakhs. The essence ... of the symbols under consideration is constructed in connection with the transmitted images of the cultural memory of the Kazakhs and the new symbolic core formed during the thirty years of independence of Kazakhstan. The paper correlates with a number of works by Kazakh researchers, which state that national symbols are not just attributes of statehood and economic independence, but also important elements of nation-building. This paper defines and analyzes the complex of crucial symbols of Kazakhstan as the basic structure of national identity. The main purpose of this study is to consider national Kazakh symbols in the context of cultural memory, to highlight their main meanings and indicate their functional spectrum in modern Kazakh culture in the context of internal and external political discourses. The symbolic politics of independent Kazakhstan aims to combine ethno-cultural, civic and multicultural aspects of culture, expressing them in national symbols. Crucial symbols of Kazakhstan form a sense of belonging of each citizen to the history of his country, the construction of collective memory and national identity.
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The little-studied local history aspect of the problem of the Bolshevik government anti-desertion work on the territory of the RSFSR since the creation of the local authority to fight against desertion from February 1919 to December 1921 is considere ... d. The article, which is based on the analysis of archival materials many of which were first put into scientific circulation, shows the process of formation and activity of the Astrakhan governmental committee to fight against desertion. The author focused on the study of the structure of the organs of struggle with desertion, main strategies and methods for returning deserters to the front, as well as preventing the male population of the Astrakhan province from evasion of compulsory military service. On the basis of studied archival materials, it was concluded that the Astrakhan governmental committee to fight against desertion has fulfilled its main task - the return of deserters to the front, having managed to return tens of thousands of deserters to the front for the entire period of its existence. The cessation of desertion as a mass phenomenon was not the result of the work of government bodies, but a combination of objective reasons related to the end of the civil war. Nevertheless, the work carried out had a significant impact on ensuring the protection of the Bolshevik government in the territory of the RSFSR and Astrakhan province, in particular.
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The relevance of the study of the problem of the functioning of children's institutions in the Leningrad region under occupation is due to the fact that the occupiers paid considerable attention to monitoring the work of children's institutions and c ... onsidered them as the most important tool of the Wehrmacht policy towards children, adolescents and youth. The relevance of the research problem was determined by its purpose - to investigate the problem of the functioning of children's institutions in the Leningrad region under Nazi occupation during the Great Patriotic War. The work is based on the documents of the central and regional archives. First of all, these are acts of district and village commissions to investigate the atrocities of the Nazi invaders, reports, certificates, summaries, witness statements. German documents are also of interest, first of all, orders and orders of the occupation authorities, documents of the departments of education that worked at city councils. The paper uses problem-chronological, systematic, historical-comparative and statistical methods, which allowed to generalize and show the features of the work of children's institutions under occupation. The vast majority of children were considered by the occupiers as an object of influence of the Nazi policy of genocide and Germanization, as cheap labor, if necessary as donors for German soldiers, did not actually receive the necessary security, medical care, and did not have conditions for harmonious development.
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On the basis of new archival documents and other sources, the culture in the everyday life of the population of the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in wartime conditions has been studied. New forms and methods of work of libr ... aries, reading huts in rural areas with readers are analyzed: book-trading, mobile libraries, newspaper readings, literature reviews, readers' conferences. It is noted that they have become not only centers of culture, but also held events aimed at instilling patriotism and the will to win.The experience of the work of clubs, radio, newspapers during the war years has been studied. Lectures, reports, conversations, reading newspapers on socio-political and military topics were held in the clubs, concerts were performed, films were shown. The features of the activities of the editorial offices of republican and regional newspapers, which systematically covered the reports of the Sovinformburo, international events and the internal life of the country and the region, military operations on the fronts and other materials, were revealed. The role of professional groups of culture and art in the everyday life of the civilian population of the republic is considered. Theatrical, dance and musical groups of Kabardino-Balkaria performed in front of residents of cities, regions, villages of the republic, soldiers and officers with concerts and performances on patriotic themes. Difficulties and shortcomings in the organization of the cultural life of the population of the region are revealed. It is concluded that the restructuring of the work of educational institutions in the interests of the front and rear significantly influenced the cultural life of the civilian population. Using new forms and methods of work, they supported the spiritual life of the population of Kabardino-Balkaria, becoming a means of education, propaganda and a source of short-term rest. In general, despite the difficulties of wartime, cultural and educational institutions and representatives of the creative intelligentsia made a worthy contribution to organizing the cultural life of the republic and mobilizing the population of Kabardino-Balkaria to defeat fascism.
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The article presents an analysis of the assessments, conclusions and recommendations of representatives of various conceptual approaches to solving the problem of ensuring the technological sovereignty of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the st ... udy was to consider various points of view about the reasons for the inhibition of innovative processes in the scientific and technical complex of the country; substantiation of own conclusions based on a wide range of data. The relevance of the publication is determined by the fact that the increasingly complicated geopolitical and economic situation necessitates a change in the previous economic course, and causes very sharp discussions in society. The conclusion is formulated that a significant part of the authors insist on the conclusion, justifying it with "depressing" data, about the inability of purely market mechanisms to ensure economic growth and technological breakthrough. The negative results of the previous period were the result of the lack of a strategy for the socio-economic development of the country developed with the participation of all leading specialists, taking into account the peculiarities of the Russian modernization model and the result of the crisis that engulfed economic science, largely due to the commitment to the previous type of financial and economic policy. One of the most important miscalculations was the non-attraction of the whole society into transformational processes, which should be cultivated at all levels. Currently, optimism is inspired by the emergence of new "growth points", free economic zones, expanding forms of state support for innovative projects.
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In recent years, new programs of state policy in the field of higher education have been implemented in Kazakhstan, which is of interest to Russia due to the need to modernize higher education taking into account new conditions. In this regard, the a ... rticle, based on the comparative historical method, systematic and neoinstitutional analysis, based on the materials of the author's focused interview, identifies the main features of the current state policy in the field of higher education in Kazakhstan (pronounced dependence on the Bologna process, rigidity of measures, conditionality of the peripheral position of higher education relative to the European educational space, exposure to specific socio-cultural influence)., it also highlights the trends of its development (optimization of higher education by reducing the number of universities and creating university leagues, expansion of academic freedom, increasing access to higher education for low-income segments of the population, strengthening control over the implementation of educational grants, opening branches of leading international universities in the republic, improving the quality and prestige of higher education and its approximation to market conditions). It is concluded that, despite the noticeable contradictions and obstacles that arise during the implementation of state policy in the field of higher education, the Government of Kazakhstan in the short term has managed to achieve success, expressed in the recognition of Kazakhstan's higher education corresponding to European standards, in the entry of a number of Kazakhstani universities into authoritative world rankings, in increasing the number of students
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the Eurasianism idea in the context of constructing the political identity of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The author proceeds from the premise that the collapse of the Soviet Union led to the need for intensi ... ve nation-building in the newly independent countries. This task is dictated by the need to create and legitimize political institutions. It was necessary to construct a new political identity that would unite the nation to do this. There are several scenarios for the consolidation of society in modern Kazakhstan. It is a combination of attempts to build a civil or ethnocentric nation. At the same time, in addition to creating an internal platform, it is necessary to construct an identity at the supranational level. This task is driven by the need to fit society into a larger context. The article describes five scenarios of how this was possible. One of them, which was subsequently chosen, is the Eurasian integration scenario. Its historical background, current state and prospects are described. The idea of Eurasian integration was suggested by the leadership of Kazakhstan. It also gives a general description of the EAEU as an institutional embodiment of the idea of Eurasianism. The main institutions of the EAEU, a brief history of their emergence and features of functioning are described. The difference in understanding the essence of this association in Kazakhstan and Russia is also analyzed. There is a difference in understanding the goals of integration among Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and other participants in the association.
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Today, the voice of those who support the foreign policy of the Russian government get louder, as well as those who condemn it, although, to a lesser extent. There is not much information about what the regional youth thinks about Russia's foreign po ... licy at the present stage, especially after the recent adoption of the legal norms of administrative and criminal law. Based on the materials of a survey conducted among high school students in the Siberian Federal District, the author concludes that the consciousness of schoolchildren in grades 9-11 can be characterized by features of both “blind” and “constructive” patriotism. The younger the person, the higher the possibility that they share the values of blind patriotism. On the contrary, the higher the grade, the higher the likelihood of a student to be more critical of patriotism. Thus, the patriotism switches to civic and (or) hybrid type. However, the special military operation launched by Russia in Ukraine in 2022 has changed the course of affairs. Since at present time, according to the survey, the number of supporters of the foreign policy pursued by the Russian Federation has increased compared to the 2020 results, the attitude towards certain patriotic attitudes has also undergone transformations. For example, in 2022, respondents began to identify themselves as Russians more often. They trust public authorities more, as well as consider themselves patriots and feel proud of their country. Nevertheless, if we consider the patriotic attitudes of students through the prism of their support and non-support of Russia's foreign policy, things become ambiguous. On the one hand, a polarization of the school community takes place, and on the other, there is a trend to escape from answering the difficult questions, and from politics at all.
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Against the background of ongoing changes in socio-political processes, the value of hired labor is being rethought, which determines the relevance of research on this topic. This article is devoted to the analysis of the phenomena of neoliberal mani ... pulation and propaganda of a culture of employment and overwork. The article briefly shows how the transition from post-war Keynesian capitalism of the welfare state to neoliberalism placed an emphasis on profit maximization. Such policies have a negative impact on workers, causing psychological distress, instability, pressure and a negative work environment. Employment in the modern world has become a form of individual status, a measure of its usefulness, as well as a mechanism for alienating true needs, which is reflected in popular culture. It is concluded that the national interest lies in reducing the scale of economic activity and aggregate indicators, while at the same time expanding citizens' access to social benefits, including through cooperative companies and universal universal basic income. The methodological basis of the work was the work of S. V. Volodenkov, J. Ritzer, M. Fisher, N. Chomsky. as well as other works of leading foreign and Russian scientists. In the course of the study, general scientific methods were used, such as scientific observation, system analysis, comparison, abstraction and the historical method
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