Issue 2022 No. 1 (70)

The purpose of the article is to study the processes of settlement of the Northern Caspian region in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The research is based on published sources and archival documents that were introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. Existing studies on the settl ... ement of the Northern Caspian region are often fragmentary. The main attention in the article is paid to the history of the founding and settlement of Lagan village - its complex history is presented for the first time, on the basis of previously unpublished archival data. The analysis of the sources shows that during the period under study, the region was being actively populated. The article analyzes the reasons for the migration activity, it is concluded that the main reason for the mass migration of the population, primarily peasants, was land scarcity. The settlers put down in the Astrakhan province. The time of the emergence of most of the villages is the end of the 18th - the first half of the 19th centuries. In the 19th century there were seven settlements formed by settlers from the central provinces of Russia on the Caspian coast or close to it. Lagan was one of them Lagan (other villages - Vakhromeevsky, Olya, Razbugorinsky, Rynok, Sedlisty, Chetyrekhbugorny). The study of Lagan, a new settlement that supposedly arose in the 1870s, on the northwestern coast of the Caspian Sea, is of scientific interest. An attempt is made in the article to analyze the social composition of migrants, the places of their origin are considered. The factors that attracted migrants to the Astrakhan province are also examined. The conducted research allows us to conclude with confidence that the settlement of the Astrakhan province is one of the important directions of government policy. The authorities were interested in the development of the productive forces of a vast, sparsely populated territory. The development of sea and river fisheries, development of agriculture contributed to the influx of newcomers here. The settlement of the region was carried out in different ways: official resettlements initiated by the government; and unauthorized one. With the significant role of unauthorized resettlements, the state still played its leading role in regulating resettlement flows during the 19th - early 20th centuries.
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Ecological crisis or the reasons of exhaustion of fish resources in the Volga-Caspian Basin at the end of XIX beginning of XX centuries. The article considers the aspect of the problem of conservation of fish stocks of the Lower Volga basin, which is not sufficiently studied and presented in regiona ... l historiography, against the background of a deteriorating environmental situation, the systematic study of which began in the late XIX - early XX centuries. Environmental safety issues are also acute at the present stage. The authors analyze the reasons for the depletion of fish resources on the example of the Astrakhan province, which was rightfully considered a regional leader in fish production and processing. For a long time, fish resources were considered inexhaustible. The state was aimed at replenishing the treasury from renting water lands and selling permits for catchers, officials looked "through their fingers" on everything else that happened in the fishing industry, and the fishermen were responsible for regulating all issues. Environmental problems were raised by representatives of the public on the pages of newspapers and magazines (Bulletin of the Fishing Industry, Fishery Business, etc.), they became the subject of discussions during the work of congresses of fishermen. The work reveals the reasons for the deterioration of the environmental situation in the Volga-Caspian Sea, the peculiari ties of the implementation of state policy in the fishing industry of the Astrakhan Territory during the study period. The authors conclude that in the late XIX - early XX centuris. there was a tense ecological situation, determined by a number of natural-climatic, anthropogenic, hydrochemical and hydrological factors, the imperfection of the legislative, organizational and material and technical base. The sources for the study were documents deferred in the funds of the State Archive of the Astrakhan Region (GAAO), the works of KaspNIRKh employees, journalistic works of eyewitnesses of the events of the turn of the XIX-XX centuris. about the causes of the impending environmental crisis. Many of the sources studied were first introduced into scientific circulation.
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Financial and economic situation of Astrakhan province in the late 1917 - early 1918 and basic actions of the Astrakhan province local government taken to stabilize the financial situation are considered in the article. The Astrakhan Region faced a monetary deficit in August 1917, which was due to t ... he economic characteristics of the region. The Astrakhan authorities had to overcome the current situation in the tense political climate of 1917-1918. The relevance of this article is explained by the poor level of knowledge of financial policy issues of the Astrakhan authorities in late 1917 and early 1918. The aim of the article is to identify common and different features in the monetary policy of the Astrakhan authorities during the protracted economic crisis and the revolutionary events of 1917-1918. The research is based on published sources and archival documents that were not previously introduced into scientific circulation. The main stages of the monetary policy in late 1917 - early 1918 were identified. The author comes to the conclusion, that the policy of the local authorities to overcome the monetary crisis was spontaneous, and was aimed at maximum savings of paper banknotes. Surrogates in the form of securities and their coupons were actively introduced into monetary circulation, limits on withdrawals from bank accounts were introduced. Print of local money was a forced measure.
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The article is devoted to individual and most significant social and cultural changes in the life of peoples of Central Asia in the first decade of Soviet power. The author emphasizes that the reforms carried out by the Soviet government in the region significantly influenced the further development ... of Central Asia and were a prerequisite for the emergence of not only national republics within the USSR, but the emergence of modern independent states of Central Asia. The article presents legal acts in the form of decrees of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR and the USSR, which constitute the legal basis for social and cultural changes in the life of the peoples of Central Asia. The article provides data on changes in the procedure for marriage registering, on the status of land ownership of peasants in the region and on significant changes in the public education system. When writing the article, scientific works were analyzed in which the problem of socio-cultural development of the peoples of Central Asia in the studied period was touched upon. The article examines the actions of the Soviet government aimed at the development of social and cultural life in Central Asia. Some aspects of the socio-cultural development of the region in the periods preceding the establishment of Soviet power are touched upon in order to objectively assess the first Soviet reforms in the region. When writing the article, the author used the historical-systemic method of cognition and the principle of historicism.
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The paper considers the issue, which is poorly researched in regtudied in regional historiography, one of the ways of recruiting of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, which was realized by Bolshevist government on the territory of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic since the transiti ... on to compulsory military service from May 1918 to July 1921. The article, which is based on the analysis of archive material, many of which were for the first time ever put into scientific circulation, shows the complex process of realization of the program of the Universal Military Training (UMT) by the case of the biggest districts of Astrakhan province: Enotaevsky and Astrakhan. The author focused on the study of the issues of the UMT structure, main strategies and methods of implementation of the system of military instruction among men’s population. There were considered reasons for incompleteness of the UMT program in close connection with social, geographical and economics specific features of region. Based on the study of archive material, it was concluded that even though the program of the Universal Military Training (UMT) was not fully implemented, the conducted work has had a significant effect on the protection of Bolshevik’s power on the territory of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and Astrakhan province in particular.
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At present, one of the leading scientific problems associated with the history of the Great Patriotic War is the analysis of the factors of the USSR's Victory in it. One of them is agitation and propaganda work, unfolded on the pages of the Soviet periodicals. The relevance of this study is also det ... ermined by the appeal to a specific region - the North-West of Russia, occupied for a long time by the German fascist troops. The aim of the study was to analyze the content of the Soviet periodicals in the North-West of the RSFSR during the war period, which under occupation became the most important means of propaganda and fight against Nazism. The work is based on numerous sources, first of all - materials from the central and regional periodicals, published and distributed in the North-West of Russia during the years of occupation. In addition, the research was based on materials from local archives, which made it possible to analyze the content of local newspapers and characterize the process of their distribution among the population. When analyzing periodicals and archival materials, the authors applied historical-genetic and comparative methods, methods of system-functional analysis and synthesis. The article shows the content of the Soviet periodicals on the territory of the North-West of Russia during the war period. The newspapers published information about the battlefields on the Soviet-German front, about the crimes of Nazism, posted letters from citizens deported to Germany as ostrabeiters, contained information about the progress of economic recovery in areas liberated from Nazi occupation. It was noted that the role of the print press in the region changed during its occupation. In the first months of the war, local underground newspapers were published in handwritten form and in small numbers. Positive shifts in outreach and propaganda work among the local population took place with the creation of underground forest guerrilla printing houses. In addition, the occupied areas were supplied with local and central press by sending it daily to nearby areas and airdropping to distant points. The agitation and propaganda activity that unfolded in the pages of the periodicals played a significant role in the development of resistance to the Nazi occupation regime in the North-West of Russia.
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The relevance of the topic is determined by a very difficult situation with the reproduction of the mineral resource base of the Russian Federation, in particular, with the reserves of the oil and gas complex, as well as the crucial importance of developing a scientifically based strategy for the co ... untry's further development. For this purpose, it seems necessary to analyze the assessments, conclusions and recommendations of representatives of various conceptual approaches to the problem of the resource reproduction, published in recent years, since the ongoing transformation and quite a complicated geopolitical situation, fierce discussions about the prospects of the "hydrocarbon economy" extremely actualize the identification of the main viewpoints and summarizing proposals. Based on the study of government documents, verbatim reports of meetings organized in the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, conclusions and recommendations of leading experts and business representatives, the author formed a conclusion on the noted differences in approaches, the ongoing search for a solution to the problem. The reasons for the discrepancies are seen in the doubts of a large part of experts about the reliability of the data on the available reserves, in the conclusions on the futility of directing significant efforts and funds into the extraction and processing of oil and gas resources. The author rightly insists on the need for state support for geological exploration, training of highly qualified personnel, development of sectoral science, activation of innovative processes and involvement of leading scientists in the strategies being developed.
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The article provides an overview of the main directions of the implementation of state youth policy on the territory of the Astrakhan region in the period from 1993 to 1998. This period is characterized by creation of a large number of children's and youth public associations of various orientations ... , which needed support from the state. It was at this time that not only federal and regional authorities, but also local government, social services and educational organizations of various levels began to actively participate in solving the problems of youth policy. The purpose of the work is to study the main directions of the state youth policy, to identify the features of its implementation on the territory of the Astrakhan region in the period from 1993 to 1998. A historical analysis of the main problems in the implementation of youth policy in the period under study at the federal and regional levels is necessary to build an effective system for the implementation of state youth policy in Russia. The analysis of historical literature, scientific publications, regulatory and archival materials made it possible to reflect in this article the main prerequisites for the formation of an integrated system for the implementation of youth policy in the 1990s, which covered various areas of youth activity, taking into account their individual needs, as well as the characteristics of the present state of the region.
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The article examines the dysfunctions of political system as factors of political instability. It is stated that growth of dysfunctional phenomena in the political system results in its instability. Based on the structural and functional analysis, the main functions of a political system of a democr ... atic type are distinguished: the function of distributing resources in society, the function of political governance, the functions of political representation and political participation. The article describes the mechanism of transforming a function of a political system into dysfunction, which is understood as a state when a structural element of the system ceases to perform actions within its original purpose, which is manifested in degeneration of the function, its symbolization and personalization. The task of the political system is to promptly respond to dysfunctions, providing the political system with dynamic stability. The authors conclude that democratic political systems in general are able to respond to external influences, providing a certain level of resource allocation, demonstrate the ability to manage political processes and provide access to politics for various social groups, including organizing channels of political participation. Political systems of the transitional (hybrid) type are characterized by other features, they are more focused on organizing and ensuring the survival of the political elite, demonstrate significant dysfunctions of distribution, management, political representation and political participation.
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This work is devoted to the comparative analysis of scientific approaches to the problem of the features of the concept of electronic democracy in Russia. The active implementation of information and communication technologies in the functioning of the socio-political sphere is an actual trend of to ... day. In sciences, this fact causes the need to study various concepts and discussions on this topic. Introduction of modern technologies in public administration and politics makes it possible for civil society, state and non-state actors to interact in a different plane. New resources and forms of communication are emerging, which will be more open, understandable, prompt, with high-quality feedback. The author also focuses on the correlation of the concepts of electronic democracy, digital government, electronic judicial proceedings. The author comes to the conclusion, that the concept of e-democracy is the final stage in the development of a digital highly organized civil society. The author substantiates the concept of the definition of "smart technologies" as a comprehensive concept that includes digital, convergent, information, information and communication technologies (NBIC (NBICS)- technologies), etc. The key problems of the digitalization process, its socio-cultural features are identified. Effective digital governance of the state is possible only with a person-oriented approach of using modern information technologies. An important problem of possible dehumanization of society with the active use of ICT is considered. The article also identifies the main risks and threats associated with the use of personal data and their subsequent processing. It is analyzed that widespread introduction of smart technologies in practice may not always be associated with the strengthening of the principles of democracy in the country. An important aspect is the purpose of a specific management model, since it is the goal setting that will define to what extent digitalization will become effective in the dialogue between civil society and socio-political institutions.
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The subject of the article is the analysis of the prospects for the expansion and development of the Eurasian Economic Union. The article analyzes the advantages of membership in the Union for its members, as well as special attention is paid to external problems and the main internal factors influe ... ncing the pace of integration construction within the EAEU. Deepening cooperation within the EAEU is not only a prospect for the development of the socio-economic sector of the economy, but also a chance to preserve the national sover-eignty of the participating countries. The well-established mechanism of actions of the supranational bodies of the EAEU, the implementation of the planned initiatives (formation of a single hydrocarbon market, etc.), as well as planning the solution of cultural and social issues while maintaining the multi-vector policy of the member states of the Union is the most favorable development scenario for this integration association. International realities are that development of the Union will take place in the world where the process of globalization has begun to take on a decentralizing character with subsequent negative scenarios of both political and economic instability in the world. At the same time, the EAEU has a huge development potential, as well as the opportunity to become a center of power in the Eurasian space. Wise implementation of the agreements on the converging with the Chinese megaproject provides additional economic and geopolitical resources for the development of the Union. To do this, EAEU member states should not be only limited to their transit and logistics capabilities. It is important to understand that the attributed political goals are not relevant for this integration association at this stage of development. The EAEU strives to solve economic problems in order to deepen and expand mutually beneficial cooperation to improve the welfare of the citizens of the Union.
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Since ancient times, the trade route "from the Varangians to the Persians" and on to India was used by caravans of merchants from all over the multifaceted Eurasia. This route also served as a means of cultural and religious exchange, spreading knowledge and habits of their everyday life. The histor ... y of this issue shows that it was the political and economic elites who initiated diplomatic and trade missions were primarily interested in developing and optimizing trade. The current aspiration to revive this route in the form of the International North - South Transport Corridor (ITC) is designed to bring integration processes to a higher geopolitical and geo-economic level. The implementation of this project requires strengthening of the integration politicaleconomic relations of the leading countries in the region such as Russia, India and Iran. Unfortunately, the leaders of these countries do not always manage to agree on issues of vital importance, due to the constant interference in their relations by third countries not interested in their joint integration development. The paper analyzes the current status of the project, contains proposals for its optimization and expresses confidence that its implementation will enhance the integration of the Eurasian continent and increase its security.
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The global pandemic has significantly transformed the existing system of international relations, dividing and opposing its structures to each other. The processes of globalization have been suspended due to the large-scale outbreak of COVID-19, that is why regionalization is taking place instead of ... globalization nowadays. In addition, the pandemic has affected both the economic development of countries and the functioning of transnational corporations. The article considers the problematic situations faced by TNCs during the pandemic. Taking into account structural changes, significant global actors have intensified their efforts to strengthen their positions in the Asia-Pacific region, which will occupy a central place in political and economic processes in the nearest future. This article analyzes the activities of transnational corporations in Southeast Asia. The authors of the article examine the influence of transnational corporations on the formation and promotion of the ASEAN institutional policy applied in the region. The paper presents assessment of the work of TNCs in the region after the signing and ratification of the comprehensive regional economic partnership. The authors consider the impact of regional states on the ASEAN economy by encouraging the development of domestic TNCs in the member countries of the organization. The results of this study make it possible to identify the features of the functioning of foreign TNCs in ASEAN, as well as to define aspects that contribute to reducing the Association's dependence on foreign influence.
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In this scientific work, the author analyzes Turkey's foreign policy since the Justice and Development Party came to power to determine the nature of Turkey's geopolitics. The article uses a wide range of scientific methods to conduct an objective analysis. First of all, it is necessary to highlight ... the institutional method that allows us to highlight the place of the studied political institution in modern geopolitics and the comparative method used for comparative analysis. Also, in this scientific work, a dialectical method is used, which allows us to consider the object in evolution, and an abstraction method is used, which allows us to focus on the most important aspects of Turkey's foreign policy. The purpose of this scientific work is to identify the features of the geopolitics of the Justice and Development Party in the context of regional political processes. To achieve this goal, the role of the Turkish factor in modern conflicts in the Middle East is analyzed, the structure of Turkey's foreign policy is investigated, the peculiarities of the AKP policy are identified and the nature of Turkey's interaction with regional and global political actors is considered. The ideological basis of the Justice and Development Party is moderate political Islam. The new political concept of the AKP is aimed at transforming Turkey, one of the main actors in the region. To achieve this goal, the main factors are: Islamic solidarity, Turkic identity, Ottoman heritage and the implementation of multilateral humanitarian initiatives in developing countries of the region. The basis of the new political course of the country was the ideological base of the Justice and Development Party. The implementation of Turkey's independent and multi-vector foreign policy leads to both the growth of geopolitical influence and the emergence of geopolitical challenges and crisis phenomena. The current international situation (the collapse of the bipolar international system) has served as a positive driver in the implementation of the party's foreign policy doctrine. After analyzing the processes taking place in the region, it can be concluded that Turkey makes a decisive contribution to the settlement of local conflicts arising in the region.
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The purpose of this article is to show how the project of reconceptualisation of the subject is related to the effects of Enlightenment criticism. To solve this problem the authors singles out two previous proects of conceptualisation of the subject proposed by classical philosophy (the project of c ... onceptualisation of the subject (the subject is integral and transparent) and non-classical philosophy (the project of deconceptualisation of the subject - the subject is scattered and asubstantial). It is notes that the word combination “critics of the Enlightenment” contains a productive ambiguity: on the one hand, the criticism proposed by the Enlightenment in relation to certain social phenomena, and on the other hand, the criticism of the criticism of the Enlightenment. The authors reveal certain effects produced by the criticism of the Enlightenment and by the criticism of the criticism of the Enlightenment. These effects may include, for example, decentralization of the world, criticism of classical New European metaphysics, criticism of the concept of the classical subject, enlightened false consciousness, and contemporary cynicism. Thus, it reveals what the Enlightenment criticism is and what the project of reconceptualisation of the subject is. To show how criticism can pass from generation to generation, and how it can influence the concept of the subject, the authors consider the rule-following paradox (Wittgenstein) through the prism of the concept of following social relay races (M. A. Rozov).
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Against the background of the ongoing changes in the forms of employment, as well as the active automation and robotization of jobs, the value of hired labor in human life is being reconsidered, which, in turn, determines the relevance of research on hired labor. In this article, the author analyzes ... the development of an ethical attitude towards wage labor, from the antique period to the present. An explanation of the phenomenon of the antique attitude towards wage labor is given, according to which wage labor was considered a humiliating and unworthy occupation of a free person. It is concluded that negative attitude of free people to wage labor was characteristic of any slave-owning or feudal society. The author shows how ethical assessments of hired labor begin to change in a positive sense with capitalism, but how later, within the framework of Marxism, anti-work ideas are generated and formed. It is concluded that the emergence of anti-work ideas within the framework of Marxism is a response to the over-exploitation of the working class. At the end of the article, the author attempts to identify problems and contradictions in conflict with cultural attitudes that exist in the ethics of hired labor at present stages of society development. For the article, materials of Russian and foreign researchers were used.
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In this article, I would like to identify the main points of the poststructuralist discourse, in which the topic of conscious insanity is actively postulated. The article considers different understandings of consciousness and madness in Western and Russian philosophy, the views of two philosophical ... schools - Delesian and singular anthropology. The basics of the concepts of Deleuze and Guattari, as well as representatives of modern Russian philosophy, are shown. The schizophrenic of the West is opposed to the blessed fool of the East. The flat (digital) perception of insanity is opposed to the deep perception, as attempts to go beyond the objective, using Kant's a priori apparatus of imagination. The subjectivity of the human is considered as the antithesis of the objectivity of the posthuman. The article clearly traces the apology of conservative, traditionalist views on the problem of consciousness. Continuing the Spinozist approach to dividing the unified field of consciousness into effects and ideas, Deleuze and Guattari propose to split consciousness completely into infinitely discrete flows in the new postmodern reality of rhizomatic connections. It seems obvious that the hermeneutic analysis of the word “consciousness” gives it two important interpretations: on the one hand, consciousness in Western philosophy has a purely rational connotation, on the other, consciousness in the Russian philosophical tradition carries the integrity of its perception without affective-ideological dichotomy.
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An intercultural analysis of cause-and-effect link in forming common features and individual peculiarities of typological diversity of housing units in a historical perspective becomes topical in modern architectural science. The starting point of this study was unordered knowledge in this filed, th ... e lack of analysis of genesis in the sphere of cheap housing for workers. The purpose of this article is to disclose the combination of factors and patterns in establishment of workers’ housing as a new housing unit type at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. The theoretical research is based on studying academic works of both Russian and foreign specialists, in which various aspects of housing problem at the beginning of the 20th century is covered, also the archive data, legal acts and regulations are used. An analytical interdisciplinary analysis of the town-planning during the 19th-20th centuries became the methodological foundation of the research. As a result of the conducted research, the conclusion was made that the development of cheap workers’ housing was based upon a number of interconnected facts. The leading one was the industrialization process and modernization processes connected to it, which influenced the development of economic, political, cultural areas of society. The housing issue began to be understood as a complex problem to be solved at the legislative level taking into account health and hygiene requirements, reality of people’s new way of life and implementation of architectural and engineering tasks.
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