Issue 2019 No. 2 (59)

The problem of the formation of the structure of regional bodies of state security in the conditions of the Civil War in Russia on the example of the Astrakhan Provincial Emergency Commission is considered. The history of the activities of state security agencies in the regions is extremely topical ... at the present stage, it is diverse, connected with decisions that directly influenced the course of events «on the ground». Many aspects of this story remain understudied. Among them is the problem of structural design of the Astrakhan Cheka in the dramatic period of Russian history of 1918-1920.
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We considered the food situation in the cities of the Saratov province during the First World War. Based on materials from the periodical press, the features of the food crisis in the cities of the Saratov province are revealed. The food crisis has been characterized as a major factor affecting othe ... r areas of society. According to the authors, interruptions in the provision of food to the population in the cities of the Saratov province during the First World War constantly increased, largely due to the fact that previous food problems were not actually resolved. As a result, at the beginning of the war the food crisis had a sluggish character, and in the end of 1915 it went into an acute phase and became a chronic phenomenon of everyday life. City governments have shown their non-competence in the fighting with the food crisis. The measures were not effective enough, which was largely due to the erroneous forecasting of the development of the crisis. As a result, the activities of city governments postponed the acute phase of the crisis, but did not eliminate it.
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The article deals with some episodes of the struggle against political banditry in 1920-1921 in the Kalmyk Autonomous Region. The study was conducted on archival and published materials of Kalmykia and neighboring territories: Astrakhan region, Volgograd region and Stavropol region. The peculiarity ... of this region was that it did not unite anti-Soviet forces like in Ukraine, in the Tambov province or in Western Siberia. However, archival documents show that the intensity of discontent, turning into armed speeches, was no less acute. In addition, there were attempts to "export" organized anti-Soviet struggle from the outside, from the leadership of the Makhno-movement in Ukraine, by sending the "Caucasian Rebel army" led by G. S. Maslakov. Fighting with her took place on the territory of Kalmykia during the spring-summer of 1921. Initially, success was accompanied by Maslakov. The "Rebel army" managed to take control of a part of the Kalmyk autonomous region, including Elista, where Maslakov's fighters carried out a massacre of Communists and responsible Soviet workers. It was only after the approach of significant reinforcements that the situation was reversed. The "Rebel army" was defeated, Maslakov was killed. In addition to the militarized, well-organized units that fought with the Soviet government, in the territory of Kalmykia in 1920-1924, there were at least 15 large criminal gangs of up to 50 people. And robbing on the territory of the Kalmyk autonomous region, the bandits, taking advantage of the inconsistency of actions on the part of the authorities, hid in the territories of the neighboring provinces. Also there were small criminal groups of 5-10 people in all the uluses. The main burden of the fight against the "Rebel army", as well as with the another the anti-Soviet units, due to the unreliability of the Red Army units, fell on the special forces, formed from the Communists and members of the Komsomol. But the decisive factor that reversed the situation in favor of the Soviet government in 1921 was the transition to a new economic policy, declared at the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party-Bolshevics (RCP-B), canceling the surplus, forced labor mobilization and allowing free trade. It was the introduction of new economic police and the actual rejection of the policy of "war communism" that changed the course of the struggle in favor of Soviet power.
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The article aims to analyze the work of historians of the khanate of Khiva and Turkestan on the goals and objectives of the popular uprising of 1916. It is indicated that the estimates of the uprising in the works of historians differ under the influence of ideology: 1920-1930es; 1950-1980es and 199 ... 0-2019es. Each era has made its own adjustments in the assessment of the uprising. The estimates of the previous authors on the history of the uprisings in the Khiva khanate and the Amu Darya Department of 1916 are summarized. It is emphasized that almost all the authors agree that the uprising in the Khiva khanate differs in composition, purpose and course from the uprising in the Amu Darya Department. Summarizing different assessments and views on the uprising, the author emphasizes that a less objective assessment of the uprising can be made on the basis of re-introduction of new archival documents into scientific circulation. Memos of the leaders of the Amu Darya Department of Turkestan region shed new data to reassess the uprising in the national historiography.
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In the 1930s the Volga Steamship Lines accounted for over 30 % of the total river cargo and passenger transportation in the country. It was of much importance for the national economy. At the same time the Volga river transport suffered considerable drawbacks. Apart from financial and technical impe ... diments due to the inadequate material resources, the river transport suffered managerial and organizational difficulties as well. All the difficulties affected the Volga transport infrastructure on the whole. The goal of the paper is to reveal the principles of organization of the Volga river transport in the second half of the 1930s. The task of the paper is to describe operations of the three Volga Steamship Lines under conditions of the reorganization of the entire system of the water transport management. Also the task is to describe the ways to improve the inland water transport operations and to increase the amount of transportation. The paper concludes that the reorganization of the Volga river transportation in the mid-1930s caused troubles in river transportation operations. Modernization went on very slowly. The measures that were taken in the late 1930s to improve the system of the river transport administration and to raise the amount of transportation failed. It was impossible to reach the goal by administrative measures only. Capital investments in the infrastructure were needed but they lacked. Thus, before the Great Patriotic War the material and technical base of the Volga river transport infrastructure was inadequate.
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The aim of the work is to analyze the historical experience of Russian-Mongolian relations that have developed on the basis of long traditions of close communication, interaction of cultures, military and political mutual assistance, and a mutual desire to develop an optimal model of cooperation. Th ... e significance and relevance of this experience does not lose its relevance at the present time, when Russia and Mongolia are solving similar problems of developing a market economy in new domestic and international conditions. Both positive and negative aspects of the Soviet-Mongolian relationship are identified, the range of problems encountered is analyzed. Soviet-Mongolian political, trade, economic and cultural ties for Mongolia were a guarantee of safe existence, the preservation of state sovereignty and one of the main factors of development and progress; for the USSR, this cooperation ensured the security and tranquility of the state border. In this article marked the special significance of trade. The USSR exported industrial equipment, machinery, mechanisms, energy resources, a special article of Mongolian imports were petroleum products and lubricating oils. These goods were necessary for Mongolia to pursue a policy of industrialization, the development of virgin lands and the development of agriculture.
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The article is devoted to the problems of development of objects of educational and material base of professional training of police officers at the beginning of "zero". Imperfection of normative sources of regulation of the studied period has generated a number of significant contradictions between ... the need of society in professional specialists of the internal Affairs bodies, on the one hand, and the lack of developed infrastructure of educational, sports, shooting facilities in the Ministry of internal Affairs of Russia, on the other. Nevertheless, measures to improve the material and technical support of the study period, along with an increase in the range of interactive technologies and their adaptation to the needs of the educational process of the police, were inextricably linked to the implementation of the Concept of development of the internal Affairs bodies and internal troops of the Ministry of internal Affairs of Russia, affecting the performance of operational activities of the Department. The formation of a modern vocational training the militia with the capabilities of engineering at the beginning of the XXI century it was part of the state policy aimed at the introduction of democratic reforms, strengthening the system of law enforcement agencies involved in the protection of public order and public security. The work of the teaching staff and instructors of the Ministry of internal Affairs of Russia in hundreds of classrooms, shooting galleries and sports halls across the country contributed to the formation of the fundamental foundations of individual and collective security of the police in a difficult historical period for the country, ensuring the readiness of experienced professionals in the field of combating crime.
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The author reveals the concept of innovative potential of the region and substantiates the role of institutional factors in its development. It is emphasized that building up the innovation potential offers not only great prospects for the regions, but also creates serious challenges for regulating ... the innovations. The concept of an institutional trap forms a theoretical basis of the article. To a large extent, the system of political and public administration is «responsible» for the emergence of institutional traps. The author identifies and characterizes the main institutional and socio-cultural barriers that impede the effective development of the region's innovation potential and the functioning of its innovation system. The contradiction between a rigidly hierarchical nature of public administration system and a network nature of the development of innovative structures is revealed.
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This article discusses the specifics of political debate in the framework of political communication in the election period. There is an acute problem of using administrative resources, which leads to a decrease in the legitimacy of the government, which uses illegal levers, including during the pre ... -election debate. The methodological basis for the definition of coercion to recognize various forms of domination and ignorance of its mechanisms, which legitimizes the social forms of domination, was the concept of P. Bourdieu, who introduced the concepts of "social agent" and "symbolic violence"within the interdisciplinary approach. The purpose of the article is to consider the unrealization of the positive potential of democratic political debate and the direction of its development. In the most general form, all models assume the presence of the subject of communication, content, information transmission channel, the object of communication and the purpose of information impact. In political debates, the communication process takes place directly between candidates who are the senders and recipients of information. However, the real recipient of the information during the debate is not the opponent, but the audience, whose change of opinion is the goal of the opponents. In this context, it is advisable to emphasize the relevance of joint efforts to establish an objective real and virtual plane of political discourse (informative layer) aimed at the formation of a certain public opinion.
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The article considers biopolitical aspects of the «full world» concept suggested by an American economist Herman Daly. This researcher focuses on the need of revising a model of economic development aimed at capital strengthening carelessly using the resources. The absolute profit of technological c ... apacities used by the human being also needs to be rethought. At the same time, due to the recent research, the concept of the «full world» can be wider interpreted taking into consideration economic, technological and ecological components. For instance, the authors of the Club of Rome's anniversary report address to the concept. The present article attempts to analyze sort of a collision between «biological» and «political» market in the report of the Club of Rome as well as social risks the human being of the «full world» faces. Basing on the analysis of the named sources, the article concentrates on the opportunity to broaden the concept of biopolitics in comparison to previous ones, for example in Michel Foucault works. The «full world biopolitics» is, on the one hand, a set of strategies implying the use of anti-crisis measures, and on the other hand, it implies some kind of global political rationality.
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The article deals with the system of qualities and factors of forming the subject of political participation. The subject of political participation will be viewed in terms of conceptual construction of the category «community» which includes such as features as a problem situation, publicity, disco ... ursivity, directivity and regularity of communication links, etc. It will enable the author to cover the whole subjective composition of non-professional political activity; to reflect its complex character; to view the situations in which the same individual / representative of an organization is simultaneously included in various formats of political participation thus representing various groups of community. Besides, such approach increases the list of counter-agents of subjects of political participation, which includes not only political institutions (the state, first and foremost), but also other institutions, which are not always political in every sense of this word, actors who are the carries of other (sometimes antagonistic) interests/ values which also have a public character. This kind of interpretation of the subjective space of political participation, on the one hand, largely takes into account such features and processes which determine the content of contemporary politics as individualization with keeping a collective dimension of policy, differentiation, diffusion of policy borders, decentralization, growth of uncertainty, etc., and, on the other hand, gives grounds for necessity to refuse a non- differential approach in managing political communications, which continues to dominate in the national contest at present.
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The Internet has become the main medium of information transmission in the modern world. The authors of the article are trying to explain the causes of teen suicidal activity on social networks the Internet and the virtualization of consciousness in general, in terms of transgression. As an example, ... the article analyzes the В«groups of deathВ». Attention of the general public, to which was drawn as a result of the tremendous interest of adolescents in sites where games from assignments began to lead to suicides. Two common points of view on solving the problem of online suicidal communities are presented - radical and moderate. It also considers the psychological function of religion - ensuring security through increasing the level of protection of religious youth as an effective measure in the fight against new transgressive challenges.
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Polycentrism in international relations forms a variety of centers of power and leaders of these poles of influence, as well as new instruments of foreign policy of states based on a combination of the principles of «soft» and «hard» forces. The category В«soft powerВ» is interdisciplinary, its phen ... omenon is studied by various branches of science (political scientists, philosophers, sociologists, psychologists, economists, etc.). The concept of «soft power» is at the initial stage of its development, its many provisions are not sufficiently deeply studied. According to representatives of the scientific community, the interpretation of the category В«soft powerВ» contains methodological flaws, contradictions and ambiguities, critical comments that are problematic. In this article, on the basis of analytical studies, an attempt has been made to systematize some problems related to the concepts of strength and «soft power» in order to increase the effectiveness of further research.
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This article is devoted to the study of how the memory policy of modern Poland influences the dynamics of external and internal political conflicts. As a case study, the coverage of the massacre of ethnic Jews in Jedwabne in 1941 was chosen. The methodology of this work is based on the use of descri ... ptive analysis in conjunction with the case-study. The purpose of the study is to assess the policy of the memory of the Polish leadership regarding the events in Jedwabne as a factor in the generation of external and internal political conflicts. The author comes to the conclusion that the policies of the memory of the Polish leadership regarding the events in Jedwabne contribute to the growth of the number of conflicts both within the Polish society, between the official Warsaw and its partners in the international arena. The political leadership of Poland initially did not take measures to stop the inclusive historical narrative, and then completely gave it an official character. This contributed to the hypertrophy of the mechanism of group favoritism within the framework of the formation of national-state identity. As a result, there has been an increase in xenophobic attitudes. This led to a split within the Polish society. The infringement of the interests of ethnic minorities, the impact of globalization processes on the development of eco-nomics and culture made the official model of historical narrative unacceptable for a large part of citizens. At the same time, the growth of xenophobia negatively affected the implementation of a number of pan-European projects, began to negatively affect the image of certain Polish partners, and also contributed to the emergence of a confrontation with them and their closest allies. This trend is most clearly traced by the example of the United States and Israel.
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Significant misuderstandings between political parties in the US continue to apper till nowadays. Attempting to understand the rise of political polarization or the success of populist presidential candidates, it is necessary to examine the impact of social media as news consumption continues to shi ... ft from traditional media to new digital platforms. A lot of criticism was produced in connection with the elected officials during the presidential campaign in 2016 due to the lack of desire to reach a compromise on numerous issues, including: health care reform, tax increases, immigration and cost reduction. Despite continuous disagreements, some discussions still focused on the polarization of the electorate. Along with significant party differences, it is important to take into account the factors that can be decisive in this light, given that it is political polarization that can become an obstacle to political participation and dialogue required in a representative democracy. With the help of comparative method, content analysis, method of description the author of this article analyzed the media campaigns 2000-2016 in the United States, revealed the patterns associated with the presence of political polarization.
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The article considers the role of the University in the regional and urban environment, its functional purpose in their strategic development. Due to the new requirements, the University is integrated into the regional space, offering innovative projects in various sectors of the economy, social and ... cultural life. Higher education institution creates a comfortable spatial environment for the successful training of human resources, forms students and undergraduates professional competence for their implementation in the socio-economic development of the region. The University organizes work on cooperation with regional and city authorities to identify urgent problems and find ways to solve them effectively. The most practice-oriented projects of bachelors, masters and teachers are financed through grants. The University organizes internships, scientific events, public lectures of employers, as well as through additional professional education provides training and retraining, as a factor in the development of regional and urban environment. These problems are considered on the materials of Kalmyk State University named after B. B. Gorodovikov.
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The article presents a historical and cultural analysis of both the features of the Art Nouveau style and the buildings of the city of Astrakhan, built in the late XIX-XX, which most reflected the characteristic features of this style. The author focuses on the fact that the modernist style did not ... differ homogeneity and took its place artistic techniques and forms of Baroque, classicism, which were transformed with the wishes of customers and new materials and technical solutions.Most of the architectural structures in Astrakhan, created in this style, represent a skillful transformation of orders, their decorative interpretation, in the facade and interior of which, in the author's opinion, the architects aspired to give an elegant and representative appearance with a variety of decorative techniques. The content of the article consistently develops the thesis that the essence of anthropomorphic images in modern architectural monuments can help interpret the broad cultural context in which theoretical information coexists with urban legends and contemporary contemporaries, architectural terminology with metaphors.
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Cultural policy is one of the most important problems of the modern life of the civilized world, because of the changing that occur under the influence of globalization processes that have led to sociocultural modernization. Innovative methods of management in culture in the conditions of market rel ... ations have led to a close interaction of state structures and business, which requires a global analysis of the possible consequences and prospects for such cooperation. The results of such interaction in the space of a particular region cause special interest, therefore, the purpose of the article is to identify changes in the cultural policy of the state in the new conditions and analyze the interaction of state structures and private business in this areain order to identify possible consequences and prospects of such cooperation, without which it is impossible to determine strategies for the further development of the cultural sector. The research methodology is associated with a systems approach that allows to interpret the culture as an object of control at various levels. As a result of research, the author, relying on factual material and concrete examples, comes to the conclusion that it is possible to use the market economy's rational tools in creating a «cultural product» with flexible state regulation in the cultural sphere, but weakening the paternalistic state policy towards cultural subjects leads to negative results, manifested in the form of "commercialization of culture". The problem of commercialization is ambiguous: on the one hand, this process contributes to the adaptation of cultural institutions in the context of budgetary constraints, but, on the other hand, due to rising prices, reduced availability of many services to the population, which is evident in education, Museum activities, leisure sphere and has a negative impact on personal development, making difficult to identify in a heterotopic society. In order to maintain a balance in the dialogue between business and the state, the leading role should belong to the state in order to maintain the integrity of culture and preserve the cultural heritage in the whole country and in specific regions. Only in this case it can become an effective mechanism for the implementation of strategic goals of cultural policy aimed at stable socio-cultural development.
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The article poses the problem of defining the concept of cultural identity and analyzes its transformations in the context of globalization. It is shown that modern globalization processes make the problem of cultural identity extremely relevant, while in modern scientific literature this concept is ... not fully clarified and requires in-depth conceptual analysis. To clarify the definition of the concept of cultural identity, a comparative analysis of key modern approaches to the issue of interaction of cultures - multiculturalism, dialogue of cultures, globalism and «globalization» is carried out. It is shown that human awareness of cultural identity is manifested primarily in the interaction with other cultures, in the situation of differences in cultural patterns and value systems. The advantages and disadvantages of the process of cultural globalization for the preservation and development of existing local cultures are revealed. It is shown that the processes of cultural globalization lead to an aggravation of cultural self-awareness and an increase in tension between cultures, since they implicitly assume the existence of dominant and peripheral cultures. The necessity is demonstrated of finding a balance between the universal cultural values of a globalized culture and the preservation of the potential for the development of local cultures, which makes further research into the problem of cultural identity relevant.
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The article analyzes the main factors of the development of the computer multiplayer gaming industry, which are associated primarily with the specifics of the socialization of individuals in the process of implementing virtual gaming communication. An important component of socialization in this env ... ironment is the construction of its alter-ego through game characters, through which the players interact and their self-presentation takes place. The need to distinguish its gaming character among many others has received a response in the gaming computer industry, which, depending on the online gaming genre, has begun to actively develop a variety of virtual trading platforms and additional services markets, where the payment for acquiring virtual items is made for real money. The desire of players for success not only in the gaming space, but also in real life has led to the emergence of such a phenomenon as cybersport, carried out in specially equipped halls with visual spaces and commentators. Cyber tournaments attract a large number of sponsors and advertisers, which allows organizers to assign prize pools of tens of thousands of millions of dollars. Accordingly, in addition to gaining popularity, cyber sportsman has the opportunity to receive decent fees. The demand for expanding the entertainment base of the computer industry has led to the emergence of streaming - online broadcasts, enabling video game lovers to passively watch the gameplay, accompanied by jokes and original comments. Thus, the gaming industry flexibly responds to the needs of users for self-realization, gaining success, earnings and passive recreation, providing great opportunities for their implementation.
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The concept of the duty of memory, reflecting the modern discourse of the present, asking about the past, is firmly rooted in the social fabric of the turn of the XX-XXI centuries.It is a kind of appeal to all those who died in the terrible conflicts of the past century - a call for peace and the ho ... pe that hard memories of the past will help to avoid hardships in the future. It should, however, be borne in mind that this concept has other - primarily political - aspects. Its use allows the modern state at the discursive level to respond to new socio-political demands, supporting public institutions that advocate recognition of the suffering of innocent victims. In addition, at the socio-political level, the concept of memory debt corresponds to a new understanding of group identity.
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Studying the features of ontological bases allows to deploy a grounded typology of concepts of the philosophy of history. The article deals with the characteristic features of the ontological foundation of eschatological historiosophy, one of the variants of the conceptual explanation of the histori ... cal process. This study makes it possible to clarify the ontological mechanism of formation of this type of interpretation of the historical process. The author uses the methodology of the onto-phenomenological approach presented by M. Heidegger in "Being and time", which makes it possible to delve into the existential level of eschatological historiosophy. The representation of being is possible through the awareness of temporality. The modes of temporality manifest themselves in self-consciousness, which can be structuredthrough existentials. The understanding that manifests itself in the process of self-consciousness influences the conceptualization of history. The idea of historical reality is connected with the perception of temporality. Eschatological historicity is expressed in a specific understanding of temporality. The interpretation of the historical process depends on its ontological dimension. The ontological foundations of the eschatological philosophy of history have a theological origin and without theology can't be justified. The connection between the meaning of history and its limits can be realized at the conceptual level only within the framework of the theology of Revelation, which relies on faith as a way of understanding its truths.
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This article analyzes one of the controversial modern theories, presented in John Rawls's Theory of Justice (1971), in which the political thinker develops many ideas of the Enlightenment, creates a model of universal political theory based on the principle of rationality, through which two principl ... es of justice are chosen. J. Rawls uses the mental experiment «Original Position», for which he constructs the contractors of choice, imposing certain restrictions on their knowledge, values, attitude to risk, etc., to substantiate the choice of universal principles. In this article, we are going to show that John Rawls's hypothetical mental construction - the "original position" - is not a convincing basis for adopting universally valid principles of justice and constructing a universal theory of social order. It contains the problematic and contradictory moments, because it is built on a certain sense of justice of the author, which is based on a certain view of the world, a certain attitude to certain values, and also a certain understanding of what is due, widespread in Western democracies.And rationality is not a universal tool for choosing two principles of justice in the original situation.
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In the world, history of philosophy for a long time the concept of the «immortality» of a person was reduced to the category of «the immortality of the soul». In the XIX - early XX centuries a certain philosophical phenomenon appears in Russia, was called «Russian cosmism». In thir works, his repres ... entatives draw up progressive theories for their time, in which the ideas of biological immortality of man, and even the possibilities of real resurrection of all dead ancestors, with the help of science and technology, are given a special place. With the rise of scientific progress, in the second half of the 20th century, a number of Russian philosophers began to actively develop the problem of the practical immortality of man. At the same time, similar studies are being conducted abroad, where, subsequently, a new philosophical direction emerges - transhumanism. At the beginning of the 21st century, transhumanism ideologists actively disseminate relevant information in the digital space about the activities of their movements and organizations, and also report news on the latest innovative developments of scientists, thereby attracting more and more supporters. This article discusses the main prerequisites for the emergence of the philosophy of practical immortality, and explores ways to promote transhumanist ideas in the modern Russian Internet environment, in particular, in popular social networks (Facebook, Odnoklassniki, VKontakte, etc.). At the end, conclusions about the prospects and threats associated with the promotion of trans-humanism in the modern virtual space were made.
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The article analyzes the establishment and development of philosophical culturology in Volgograd in 1990-2010s. Three periods of its existence are identified and conditionally described as «poetic» (1992-2001), «eschatologic» (2002-2012) and «screen» (2013 - to date). Specific features of temporal l ... andscape are revealed within each of these periods, as well as main intentions and dominants in the problem area of philosophical thought, in its actual and historical form. The conclusion is made that the kairos of this phase in the evolution of Russian philosophy is a moment of meeting of two parallel temporalities, that of European panlingvizm and Russian platonism. The main reasons of the crisis of cultorology and philosophy of culture are revealed.
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The paper deals with the retrospective analysis of Volgograd's philosophy origin, during the period from 1930s. With using the personalistic and biographical perspective it explores practices of the philosophical professional community of Stalingrad-Volgograd pre-war generation's first representativ ... es. The research is motivated by the lack of the institutionalization and development of philosophical knowledge in the Russian provinces' studies and the specific role of philosophers' professional community in the rezervation and cultivation of scientific, cultural and social facilities of the territory. The analysis and evaluation of the factual evidence is made in the cultural and historical perspectives and based on the historical documentation and oral evidences, including published monographies on universities' history, information resources of universities' libraries and museums, Volgograd region state archives' funds, internet-resources, memories of colleagues and students. It's the first time that the circumstances and conditions of the professional philosophical community's organization and its functions and forms of existence are reconstructed in the context of city and country's history and the evolution of creative processes of Volgorad philosophy's founders is explored.
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The article is an experience in historical, cultural and political analysis of the medieval German epic В«Das NibelungenliedВ». The authors study the social origins and political status of the ruling elites as described in the epic, and single out a correlation between the social composition of the ... governments and their respective political modus operandi.
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