Issue 2021 No. 3 (68)

The relevance of the study is determined by the necessity of detailed consideration of various aspects of the history of the Great Patriotic War, the accumulation of all the positive experience of the national development of the oil industry. The purpose of the publication is to study the problem of ... the formation of the oil industry in the Turkmen SSR on the eve and during the Great Patriotic War, to identify the factors that determined the failure of the republic to fulfill its plans for oil production. The study was carried out on the basis of documents currently stored in the central state archives. The methodological basis was the theory of modernization. It is proved that the main reasons for the lag were: weak material base, short supply of equipment, shortage of qualified personnel, miscalculations in the state policy on development of the oil industry as a whole. Attention is focused on Academician Gubkin's significant contribution to the development of the oil industry of Turkmenistan in the 1930s. The conclusion is formulated that during the Great Patriotic War, the importance of the oil-rich regions of Central Asia increased significantly. Qualified oil workers were sent there and equipment was evacuated. But oil industry of the Turkmen SSR, despite the exceptionally rich prospects, developed extremely slowly, partly for objective reasons, partly due to miscalculations in geological exploration. However, during the war years, an uninterrupted supply of oil and refined products to the front and rear was established, which was the result of the huge organizational efforts of the country's leadership and the industry, the consolidation of the actions and dedication of oil workers, scientists, builders, and transport workers of all the soviet republics.
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The relevance of this article is dictated by the increased interest in regional history and the role of bureaucracy in the process of integration of national suburbs into the general imperial space. The aim of the study is the issue of printing business formation in the Kalmyk steppe of the early XX ... century in the context of the activities of the head of the Kalmyk people S. A. Kozin. By using the historical and genetic method, as well as using the experience of previous researchers based on the study of the records of the Administration of the Kalmyk people, it was possible to trace the process of formation of the printing business in the government system, initiated by the imperial official. Biographical method, based on the analysis of the record of service and the certificate of service of S. A. Kozin allowed us to study the personality of the person who contributed to the development of the Kalmyk steppe. Special attention is paid to the printed edition of the Administration of the Kalmyk People. In conclusion, the author draws the inference that the fact of opening the printing house indicates not only the technological backwardness of the region, but at the same time the increased needs of both the governing bodies of the Kalmyk steppe, and the autochthonous population directly involved in the general imperial space.
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Study of the historical experience of the city government bodies and the inclusion of townspeople in the new socio-cultural reality is of undoubted scientific interest. This article examines certain aspects of economic and social development of the Salachik suburb in Bakhchisarai based on the analys ... is of documents from the funds of the State Archives of the Republic of Crimea. Russian historiography achieved certain progress in the coverage of individual quarters and prominent buildings of Salachik. At present research in this direction allows you to focus on previously unexplored issues. The purpose of this article is to examine the economic life of the inhabitants of the suburb in the second half of the РҐIРҐ - early РҐРҐ centuries. The author analyzed the experience of positive and negative interaction between municipal authorities and local residents who took an active part in the destiny of the city. This is illustrated by the example of issuing certificates for the restructuring of residential buildings, concluding lease transactions, solving problems of water supply and violation of city property rights. The author comes to the conclusion that certain success was achieved in solving the economic issues of the Salachik suburb during the specified period of time thanks to the activities of the City Council and private initiative.
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The purpose of the article is to study the role of the Muslim factor in the revolutionary events in Astrakhan in 1917-1918. The research is based on published sources and archival documents that were not previously introduced into scientific circulation. Analysis of sources shows that the Muslim pop ... ulation of the region split into adherents of national and cultural autonomy («Milli Idare») and supporters of the Bolsheviks. Revolutionary organizational structures and military formations of the opposing Muslim forces were created. The struggle in the information field was conducted via the mass media (newspapers). Special attention is paid to the characteristics of personalities. It is noted that the Muslim population of the region in the conditions of the revolution showed social activity. At the same time, Muslims relied on their religious values, combining them with political ideas. Both the Muslim leaders of the pro-Soviet forces and the management of Milli Idare appealed to the Islamic identity of their supporters. The author concluded that Muslims played an important role in the establishment of Soviet power in Astrakhan in January 1918. Largely thanks to their support (especially from the Muslim company of the 156th regiment), with a certain neutrality of supporters of national and cultural autonomy, the Soviet government won and strengthened its position in the region in the subsequent period.
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An appeal to historical experience about the role of a new state body - parliament - in the field of protection of historical and cultural heritage is relevant not only in the academic sense. The purpose of the article is to consider parliamentary legislative initiatives and requests to the governme ... nt on issues of historical and cultural heritage. The source of the article is the legislative materials of the Russian parliament. The article is based on a systematic approach, the principles of objectivity, historicism, and concreteness. Special methods were also applied: historical explanation, historical-legal, comparative-historical. It was revealed that changes in state cultural policy, including in the field of cultural heritage protection, are associated with the transition of Russia to a constitutional monarchy, which also meant limiting the legislative power of the emperor. Despite the undemocratic electoral law to the State Duma, society was given the opportunity to participate in legislation on the preservation of tangible and intangible cultural heritage. The subject of the research was parliamentary legislative initiatives and requests to the government. Deputy inquiries made it possible to exercise parliamentary control over the Council of Ministers, which was formed by the king and was responsible only to him. A substantive analysis of five legislative initiatives, three requests and appeals is given. The legislative proposals were aimed at perpetuating memorable events and preserving individual monuments, for which significant financial allocations were required. On this issue, there was more mutual understanding between the deputies of various party factions and the government, although the cultural sphere was still financed on a leftover basis. Disagreements were much more serious when considering parliamentary inquiries related to intangible cultural heritage, in particular, attitude to the national language.
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The article studies the problems of the autonomy of the national regions of the south of Russia, examines various regional projects and, based on the actual material, identifies the features of solving this issue, as well as the interaction of central and local authorities. Special attention is paid ... to the role of the intelligentsia in the formation of national statehood. The aim of the work is to consider various approaches, primarily of the intelligentsia, to autonomy through comparative analysis in the national regions of the southern Russian region. While writing the paper the authors carried out historio-graphical and source analysis on the stated problem, and used various documents of legislative and executive authorities. The methodological basis was a comprehensive approach to the study of the problems of autonomy in the national regions of southern Russia. In particular, the historical-narrative method was used to reconstruct the historical past. To identify various projects on self-determination, the comparative-historical method and the method of retrospective analysis were used. The study made it possible to conclude that the problem of self-determination of peoples was closely related to the formation of the new state, and, accordingly, it was needed to preserve the integrity of the country. In national regions, the intelligentsia offered various options in its solution. But the comparative analysis demonstrates that national territories remained part of Russia and became part of the new Soviet state. The Southern Russian intelligentsia, which played a leading role in the process of autonomy, eventually became the regional political elite.
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The article is devoted to anti-religious activities in the USSR in 1922-1923. The article deals with the problem of using the image of a renegade clergyman in anti-religious propaganda, which, in turn, was the main one in the entire anti-religious propaganda of the period under study. Not the least ... role in anti-religious propaganda was played by the Soviet newspaper Bezbozhnik, which was not only one of the many periodicals in the 1920s that directly or indirectly related to the Soviet government stance on religion, but was the leading newspaper specializing in aggressive propaganda of godlessness. In addition, this newspaper was a consolidating and organizing platform for the atheists of the USSR, and in the future, acted as an organizing force in the creation of the "Union of Militant Atheists" - organization that aims to completely eradicate religion. Some cases of the denial of Orthodox clergymen from the church are investigated. The article analyzes the methods of propaganda of atheism by the «Atheist» newspaper. The propaganda image of a renegade priest created by anti-religious propaganda is examined in detail. The history of the anti-religious policy of the Soviet state is being studied. When writing the article, the author used the historical-systemic approach and the principle of historicism.
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This article discusses the issues of defense of the Caucasus in general, and in particular, the city of Grozny during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. The oil-producing and machine-building Grozny was of strategic importance, both for the ruling circles of Nazi Germany, in their aggressive plan ... s, and for the Soviet command, which considered this North Caucasian city one of the main bases for providing the front with fuel. The article pays special attention to the historiography of the topic under study. The whole body of sources and literature on the topic of the defense of the Caucasus during the Great Patriotic War that was studied allows us to elaborate a conditional sorting by different chronological periods. The article presents the data and eyewitnesses of the described events, as well as the memoir literature of military leaders during the war. The authors studied some rich material about the investigated events in the Soviet historical literature. The authors of the article used some data from the memoir sources of the German Wehrmacht, which allow us to look at the history of events from the enemy side. Some dissertation works devoted to the topic of defense of the Caucasus during the Great Patriotic War are considered. The publications of contemporary authors about the events of 1942-1943 in the North Caucasus are also relevant in the study of the stated topic.
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The article examines the Soviet-Mongolian cooperation in the scientific field at the first stage of the formation of statehood in the Mongolian People's Republic in the 1920-1940s. The authors analyze main areas of scientific cooperation in this period, based on a wide range of research. One of the ... priority areas was the wide dissemination of scientific knowledge among the population, which resulted in creation of a network of educational institutions and an increase in the general level of education of the population. Another important area was research in the traditional spheres of Mongolia's activity, where theoretical achievements could be quickly transformed into practical results. The article pays special attention to the activities of the Commission for Scientific Research of Mongolia (1925-1927), the Mongolian Commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1927-1953), the Scientific Committee of the Mongolian People's Republic in organizing research expeditions to study the history, nature and culture of the Mongolian People's Republic. As the Mongolian People's Republic lacks national academic personnel, scientific institutes, material resources, a system for training researchers, the article noted the contribution of Soviet scientists to the formation of Mongolian science and the opening of the first national university.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the activities of the Government of the Astrakhan region in the field of tourism. Astrakhan is located at the crossing of trade, cultural, economic and other routes. The city has many resources for tourism activities. This can attract both tourists and, impo ... rtantly, investors. For the tourism industry to develop effectively, it needs legislative support. Besides, the problems faced by the tourism industry must be identified. The goals are determined not only by problems, but also by prospects. The goals, in turn, define the tasks that must be implemented in practice. During this period (2000-2010), Astrakhan tourism began to develop. The most promising directions were selected, which were reflected in official documents. These are, first of all, sectoral target programs. They described the current state of affairs, the problems that can be encountered in the course of implementation. One of the key factors was the physical infrastructure. Along with this issue was the financial one, considering ways to get money to meet logistical needs. Despite the fact that Astrakhan region had prospects, sought resources, it was still unattractive for tourists who preferred other regions for recreation. Moreover, the region was stereotypically viewed by tourists as a place for fishing, first of all, and then hunting. In this article we consider how the tourist activity of the region was regulated, what goals and objectives were set, what problems arose during their implementation, how they tried to solve them.
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At the end of the XIX century. Russian railway workers started the construction works of the CER junction centre, which eventually led to the emergence of an entire city on a leased territory in Northern Manchuria. The territory where the Chinese Eastern Railway was laid and Harbin was built was lea ... sed from China as a result of Russian-Chinese negotiations in 1896. This article outlines a very important and multifaceted problem of building new spaces on the leased territory in Northern Manchuria in the city of Harbin. This resulted in socialization of a new locus that became a meeting place for different cultures and intercultural interactions. Russian emigrants, as well as the employees of the Chinese Eastern Railway, created new spaces on Chinese territory, with different rules and laws. For several decades of the XX century. Harbin was a frontier city. History of North-eastern China at the end of the 19th - first half of the 20th centuries is the history of trains and railroad workers, the road from rural hinterland to industrial civilization. As a result of socialization of space by Russians, Harbin has turned from a nodal center of the Chinese Eastern Railway into an innovative city of the 20th century with high growth rates in China.
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The article presents a political and textological analysis of the concept of an «ideal ruler» in the poem «Shahnameh» by A. Ferdowsi. Political textology is a new discipline that arose as a synthesis of philology, history and political science, and it involves the study of a variety of sources, incl ... uding those not directly related to political theory. In the scientific world the poem of Abulkasim Ferdowsi (940-1020) "Shahnameh" was studied mainly by philologists, historians and archaeologists, therefore the political and textological analysis of this monument of world culture seems to be very relevant for political science. Based on the poem, which is the pearl of world literature, and the works of modern researchers, the authors not only seek to consider the work from the viewpoint of political textology, but also set themselves the task of conceptualizing the socio-political ideas contained in it. The analysis of the poem "Shahnameh" showed that the meaning of power, which is a key category of political science, according to A. Ferdowsi is the establishment of the laws of truth and justice. The Creator gives the ruler the power to fight the forces of evil. If the sovereign forgets his mission, then he loses the grace of God, and, as a result, his power. Based on the political-textological analysis of the socio-political ideas expressed in the work «Shahnameh» in poetic form, it can be concluded that the best type of government for A. Ferdowsi is an enlightened monarchy. And the best state, in the poet's mind, is the state that affirms the law of the Creator. The «ideal ruler» in the poem «Shahnameh» by A. Ferdowsi must have four important characteristics: the ability to distinguish between good and evil, righteousness, valor and nobility. The article emphasizes that the stories of kings and warriors described in the «Shahnameh» can be considered the keys to understanding Iranian political culture. The object of the research is the poem "Shahnameh" by A. Ferdowsi, the subject is the concept of the "ideal ruler".
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The article describes the Russian conservative movement at the beginning of the twentieth century, represented by various political parties and organizations. The author analyzes the conservative political movement in Russia and characterizes its internal structure: the main political organizations, ... leaders, social base, their representation in government bodies (primarily in the State Duma). The author notes, that the conservative movement was formed as a natural reaction to the strengthening of oppositional (liberal and socialist, revolutionary) sentiments in the society. According to the author, conservative circles in Russia can be roughly divided into three categories: extreme right, right and moderate right (nationalists). Between them, there were both ideological similarities and disagreements that hindered the coordination of joint activities. The author concludes that the conservative movement in terms of the degree of support was the most powerful in Russia in the period 1900-1917, however, internal fragmentation and contradictory relations with the state power became weakening factors that did not allow Russian conservatives to use all the opportunities and resources to fight against revolutionary circles. The object of the research is the conservative movement in the Russian Empire, the subject is the conservative parties and organizations, their basic ideological principles and the electorate.
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The article reviews the content and features of the transformation of traditional and modern values of the multiethnic youth of the North Caucasus. The purpose of the study is to identify the common and differences in the values of the youth of the Russian and North Caucasian peoples, identify the r ... isks of conflict in the process of transforming the values of the youth of the North Caucasus. The conceptual and theoretical basis is the theory of the transformation of values under the influence of the modernization of society by R. Inglehart and C. Welzel. The empirical basis is the results of a sociological survey of assessments and perceptions of young people in the North Caucasus. Complex processes of value transformation are taking place in the multiethnic youth communities of the region. For the youth of the North Caucasus, the most significant are such traditional values as respect for working people, a strong state, patriotism and traditional family, less significant are religious and collectivist values. It is also important to observe national customs and traditions Among modern values, the most important for young people are democracy and human rights, freedom of expression, political freedom and personal autonomy, individualism and tolerance. Spread of traditional and modern values varies among young people from different ethnic and confessional groups. Traditional values are of great importance for Muslims and representatives of the North Caucasian peoples.
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The socio-economic problems emerged after the collapse of the Soviet Union coupled with the Arab countries impact led to the uprise and spread of radical groups based on Islam in Russia. Non-traditional for the regions Islamic movements provoking extremist and terrorist activities have also appeared ... in Dagestan and Bashkortostan,. The existence of the threat to the national security and territorial integrity of the country prompted the authorities to develop and implement federal and regional programs to counter extremism and terrorism. One of the areas of counteraction is the prevention of extremism through the educational environment. In the article the author examines the activities of higher educational institutions of Dagestan and Bashkortostan in the field of countering extremism: the main directions of their work are highlighted, the activities being implemented are described, cooperation lines of universities with representatives of government authorities, law enforcement agencies and other involved persons are identified. Based on open sources, we can say that the universities of the two regions carry out serious work in the field of countering extremism, however, in Dagestan, unlike Bashkortostan and other regions, the extremist and terrorist threats remains at a critical level, which leads to the conclusion that the program of countering extremism can be implemented formally and / or is underfunded. In addition, the low level of socio-economic development has a determining influence in the region.
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The article is devoted to the possibility of voting via the Internet at all levels of elections in the Russian Federation in 2020, a SWOT analysis of expert opinions is carried out. The author of the article concludes that the role of remote electronic voting has not yet been fully defined. Scientis ... ts consider the advantages of remote electronic voting to be the transparency of electoral procedures, absence of unnecessary bureaucracy and documentation, development of electronic electoral policy, attraction of voters to elections, appearing of new forms of campaigning. Scientists high-light the following disadvantages: absence of election observers; in the case of using remote electronic voting, there is a possibility of using an administrative tool for manipulation. The main risks of introducing electronic voting in the Russian Federation are considered the following: ensuring the security of the electoral process, distrust of voters, and lack of voting infrastructure for some voters. Many experts highlight the opportunities that open up when remote e-voting is used: the ability to test technological solutions and possibility to attract new voters to participate in elections. Thus, according to experts, remote electronic voting in the Russian Federation has the prospect of becoming an equivalent method for expressing the will of voters, along with traditional voting at polling stations.
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During the Arab Spring, the protest movement has changed the geopolitical configuration of the Middle East. So far, there is a consensus among researchers on the reasons for the rise in protests during the Arab Spring. However, the hierarchy of growth factors in the protest movement remains a subjec ... t of debate. This article contains an attempt to build a hierarchy reflecting the influence of the most significant reasons on the dynamics of street protests at the beginning of the Arab Spring. The dynamics of protests and the factors influencing it are presented in a quantitative form. The dependent variable is the indicator of the dynamics of protest actions. In turn, indicators of factors affecting protests are independent variables. The values of indicators from open databases were collected. Correlation analysis of empirical data is used to assess the strength of the influence of factors on the course of protests. In particular, it allows you to obtain the values of the strength of connections between variables. The estimates obtained as a result of statistical analysis are sorted in descending order of values, representing a hierarchy of causes. As a result of the study, it was determined that the greatest impact on the growth of the duration of protests at the initial stage of the "Arab Spring" had a high level of expansion of higher education among the population.
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This article examines the importance of political leadership in the modern conditions of widespread migration processes around the world. Particular attention is paid to the characteristic features of political leadership in the countries of the European Union. The above mentioned problem was rarely ... raised in the works of Russian and foreign researchers, and therefore it acquires special relevance and need for consideration. In addition, the importance of studying the role of political leadership in managing migration processes in the European Union is due to the fact that at present political leadership has largely remained beyond the vision of migration researchers. The paper describes in detail the existing concepts, reflecting the possibility of the impact of political leadership tools on the regulation of migration processes, and considers practical examples of the use of effective migration policy. At the same time, attention is also paid to local political leadership in some states of the European Union, which makes it possible to study the problem in more detail. As a result, possible ways of transforming the migration policy of the European Union countries on the part of political leaders are given, and practical measures and mechanisms for effective border management are considered.
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The article discusses the issues of improving physical culture and health activities as important strategic objectives of social policy in solving demographic problems and based on the joint activities of sports organizations, educational organizations, health care systems, families and other social ... institutions. Social policy activities in the field of solving demographic problems are usually aimed at studying and regulation of processes of population reproduction, maintaining or changing the trend of population dynamics, resettlement of internally displaced persons, improving the quality and standard of living, availability of high quality medical care, providing of social, cultural, educational and other vital services. Social policy is viewed as an organic part of state policy, specific in its goals, objectives and methods of activity: it is social support that becomes today the most significant and popular mechanism for the state's influence on the development of the demographic state in the field of population. The fundamental characteristic of social policy in the regulation of demographic processes is not a direct impact on the dynamics of population reproduction, but an indirect impact through the ideological potential of human capital resources, the implementation of rational social programs (Cross of Nations running event, the Russian Ski Track, the TRP), use of the capabilities of various social institutions, socio-economic potential of the state, etc. In the article, the authors prove the value of physical culture and sports for the population, its lifestyle in improving the demographic state of the country as a whole. The strategy of social policy in the field of physical culture and sports is aimed at timely prevention of diseases, maintaining a high working capacity of the population, preventing offenses, overcoming any bad habits, especially among the younger generation. The listed aspects together contribute to the improvement of demographic processes in the country.
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The Caspian Fisheries Research Institute (CaspNIRKh) will celebrate its 125th Anniversary in 2022. The first scientific fishery institution in Russia was created in Astrakhan in 1897. It was the Ichthyological Laboratory under the Caspian Fisheries Administration, which became the ancestor of the sc ... ientific center in the Caspian. The reason for creation and development of this scientific institution is the fact that the Volga-Caspian region for several centuries played an important role in ensuring the country's food security, supplying its population with fish and fish products. From 1980 to 2001 CaspNIRKh was headed by a renowned scientist, a talented leader, a modest and charming person, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor Vladimir Prokofievich Ivanov. During this period, the institute solved many scientific and organizational problems: development of fisheries in the Caspian Sea, forecasting fish catches, development of pond fish farming trends, merging both scientific departments CaspNIRKh and TsNIORKh into a single institute, preservation of the Institute in the difficult 1990s, establishment of international ties under the conditions of the collapse of the USSR, etc. Despite unfavorable circumstances and numerous difficulties, V.P. Ivanov managed to preserve KaspNIRKh, its team and scientific potential. An important fact that characterizes his human qualities is his ability to maintain warm, friendly relations with many of his colleagues. Honored Fishery Worker of Russia, Honorary Professor of Astrakhan State Technical University, Honorary Citizen of the city of Astrakhan Vladimir Prokofievich has been on a well-deserved retirement since 2018. But this is just a formality, because in his 84 years he is still actively involved in creative activity: he writes articles, monographs, works with degree-seeking applicants, consults his colleagues on different issues. In a conversation with the editor-in-chief of the journal S.V. Vinogradov, V.P. Ivanov shared his memories, as well as some reflections on ways to preserve the biological resources of the Caspian Sea for future generations.
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The article is devoted to the study of the history of the Astrakhan regional branch of the Union of Composers of Russia through the prism of their position in relation to the processes that are taking place in the music world today and are reflected in the composer's activity. The use of the intervi ... ew genre as a special analytical technique allows us to become more familiar with the view of musical creativity "from within", through the composer's vision of the influences that the musical and extra-musical environment has on him. An important role in this context is played by the questions compiled for the conversation, which can be divided into two groups: the situation of modern composers in market conditions, located far from the center (living in the regions) and their reflection on the history of culture, the modern world, which is reflected not only in their views, but also in their work. When working on the material of the article, the author used the following methods: interviewing (free conversation), ideographic - when preparing the material of the conversation with the composer, systematization - when analyzing the works of the composer. A special contribution of the author is the philosophical and musicological analysis of L. Butakov's work and the arrangement of his philosophical ideas. The analysis of the interviews allows us to draw conclusions about the prospects for the existence of academic musical art in the regions of the country.
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