Issue 2020 No. 4 (65)

It was revealed that the Octobrist party had its own concept of the development of primary education. In the context of a shortage of primary schools, the party considered financing their construction a priority among other issues of primary education, since otherwise it would be impossible to ensur ... e guarantees of its general availability and obligation. Along with this, proceeding from the unity of teaching and upbringing, where the decisive role was assigned to the teacher, attention was paid to the creation of decent conditions for his life and pedagogical activity. The work of the Octobrist Duma faction was based on the party concept of education and preceded in two directions. On the one hand, it was associated with the discussion of government bills and legislative initiatives of factions of other parties, primarily in the commission on public education and in the budget commission, in which the Octobrists prevailed and influenced the nature of the additions and changes introduced. On the other hand, the faction, in accordance with the party program, developed its own bills, the main one of which was "On universal primary education." Being a party of the systemic opposition and being realists, the Octobrists supported the proposals of the Ministry of Public Education to increase the budgetary allocations for primary education. As a result, a number of financial laws were passed that improved funding for primary schools. At the same time, the party stressed the inadequacy of the amounts released and criticized the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Public Education. Along with this, attention was drawn to the need to emancipate public and private initiative in opening schools, establishing trust between them and the government in resolving issues of public education.
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The article discusses the main trends in the formation and development of a new direction of historical science - historical demography. The purpose of the article is to review scientific papers related to the study of the stated issues. Their general characteristics are given, and key issues are hi ... ghlighted. The role and significance of socio - historical factors in the demographic process of the first half of the XX century in different regions of the USSR on the example of Kalmykia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan are revealed. A historiographical assessment of losses during the demographic crisis in the USSR in the first half of the 1930s is given.
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The article is devoted to the study of the problems of campaigns to eliminate illiteracy of the adult population, which were carried out in Eastern Transbaikalia in the 1920s. The Soviet policy of raising the educational level of adult able-bodied workers and peasants has repeatedly become the subje ... ct of research by historians, sociologists, teachers, but at the same time has not lost its scientific potential. Currently, the features of the implementation of this policy in various regions of our country are being actively studied. The local material makes it possible to trace the problems of the practical activities of educational institutions for the adult population (health centers and schools for the illiterate), among which are the lack of material resources, the lack of teachers (especially in rural areas), their low qualifications, which had a negative impact on the organization of training sessions. Within the framework of this article, the author draws attention to the relatively poorly studied problem of the outflow of the trained contingent from such institutions. Historical sources indicate that this problem was very acute and jeopardized the implementation of plans to eradicate illiteracy. Adult students stopped attending educational institutions for a variety of reasons, but the main one was weak personal motivation to learn. The author examines the measures that the local leadership resorted to in an effort to solve this problem (agitation and propaganda among the masses, negative and positive sanctions against the contingent of health centers and schools for the illiterate), and their effectiveness is assessed. The article was written on the basis of unpublished and published documents from the funds of the State Archives of the Trans-Baikal Territory, a significant part of which is being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.
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The goal is to point out some key points in the history of Russian geopolitical and cultural influence in the iranic area through the XX century, developed by revolutionary spirit of the new soviet state. In the context of the Russian revolution and civil war, can be seen how the relationship betwee ... n the new multinational state and its vast politic periphery: the national states of the near and fat east will be the new field of confrontation between the emerging socialist power and the western world. In first place the near east around Caucasus reatains its vital strategic value, so a further developement of the «great game» that charachterized the relations between Russian and British Empire through the XIX century. How the soviet ideology penetrated in Iran.
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The article is devoted to the study of the problem of organizing the fight against saboteurs during the Great Patriotic War on the territory of the Lower Volga region. From the initial moment of the war, the task of countering the reconnaissance and sabotage forces of Germany becomes strategically i ... mportant for the Soviet leadership. Bodies of counterintelligence, military intelligence, state security, including regional ones, were actively involved in the search for "German spies" trained in special intelligence schools, saboteurs, deserters, suppressing sabotage actions of the enemy, guarding the rear. The article shows the real facts of counter - versioning struggle in the strategically important militarily direction - Astrakhan.
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This work explores one of the most poorly studied aspects of Russian Arctic research: Muslim development in the regions of the rapidly changing Russian North. The concept of the «new Muslin geography of Russia» is introduced in the article to describe how the emergence and development of new Islamic ... areas occurs. In order to come closer to a better understanding of the described processes, the author turns to the concept of «transgression». This concept is able to explain the dynamics of post-Soviet Islamic development in various regions: from metropolitan centres to Muslim republics, from interstate borders to the polar tundra. The study focuses on the territorial case of the Arctic as the most obvious empirical examples of Muslim transgression.
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The article presents an analysis of the state of institutions and mechanisms of municipal public policy (MPP) in Simferopol based on the index approach. From these positions, its institutional design is considered, and the features of the MPP are analyzed from the point of view of the viability/inso ... lvency of institutions and mechanisms. It is shown that in Simferopol, a discontinuous type of municipal public policy has been formed, and business representatives ' assessments of the activities of MPP institutions are significantly lower than those of the authorities, NGOs, and employees of municipal institutions. In General, the nature of the current public policy at the municipal level in Simferopol is characterized by the properties of state paternalism, which somewhat limits the possibilities of local self-government as an institution of civil society. Some dysfunctions in the field of public interaction between the municipal authorities, the non-profit community and small businesses are revealed. The need to strengthen the dialogue between the authorities and representatives of the local community and promote new interaction technologies, including digital ones, was noted.
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The article attempts to present, through spatial characteristics, a generalized image of the state in which the color revolution took place. The factors of color revolutions are analyzed, in particular, attention is focused on the role of spatial factors in terms of their contribution to the impleme ... ntation of scenarios of color revolutions. A hypothesis is put forward about the presence of common features of the territory and the political and spatial characteristics of the states in which the color revolutions took place. As such features are highlighted: a fairly high centralization of power, characteristic of the unitary type of state-territorial structure, the liminality of the state space, the relatively small size of the state's territory, the localization of protest activity within the capital. The hypothesis was tested for two groups of countries. The first wave includes color revolutions in Serbia (2000), Georgia (2003), Ukraine (2004), Kyrgyzstan (2005, 2010), Moldova (2009). The second - the events of the Arab Spring (2010-2011), Euromaidan in Ukraine (2013-2014). The hypothesis about the influence of four spatial factors on the outcome of color revolutions in general has been confirmed
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The author characterizes the language policy of post-Maidan Ukraine (2014-2020) in the South and East of the country as a method of consolidating ethnocracy in the process of nation-building. An assessment of the state and trends in the historiography of the problem is given. Ethnodemographic change ... s in the structure of the population, as well as public opinion in the South and East of Ukraine over the period from 1989 to 2020 were revealed. The intentions of the language policy of Ukraine are revealed. The ineffectiveness of international influence to ensure compliance with democratic norms of language policy is noted. Russian Russian language policy is defined as the destruction of institutions of Russian-language education and mass media in the Russian language, the weakening of Russian ethnic identity, carried out by the state authorities of Ukraine. An important factor in de-Russification is the armed conflict in the Donbas, which has become a catalyst for the transition to ethnocracy in Ukraine. At the same time, the unrecognized states in Donbass maintain the equality of languages on their territory. It is concluded that the dual (mixed) identity of residents of the South and East of the country is preserved at the regional and local levels. At the same time, the Russian-speaking community in the South and East of the country remains politically weak and disorganized, and is subject to targeted discrimination. The political consequences of forced ukrainization, as well as resistance to ethnocracy in public opinion and voting in elections, are determined.
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This article is devoted to the study of the Kurdish issue in the Syrian crisis in the context of Russia's national interests. The Kurdish issue in Syria has passed through several formations. From 1946 to 2011, the main complex of problems of the Kurdish ethnic group in Syria was formed. Since the e ... mergence of the modern hybrid armed conflict in Syria, which is taking place in the context of internationalization, the Kurdish issue has acquired a new dimension. Based on the analysis of the relevant state of the Kurdish issue in Syria, the author comes to the following conclusion. The Kurdish issue in Syria in the context of foreign policy activities in the sphere of Russia's national interests in the middle East should be considered in the context of: stabilizing the situation in the Middle East region (preventing the emergence of new hotbeds of tension using the Kurdish factor), preserving Russia's status as a leader in promoting a peaceful settlement in Syria, and strengthening Russia as a powerful and influential military and political actor in international relations
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The article is about the factors determining the Azerbaijani-Turkish cooperation in the field of economic security and its institutional base. The article is important in terms of studying the main directions of international cooperation in ensuring economic and energy security. It is a fact that Tu ... rkey has been in need of natural gas supply through the Trans-Caspian gas pipeline since the beginning of the 20th century, part of which goes to Europe. As a result, Turkey's economic interests depend on Azerbaijan's natural resources. It can be concluded that Turkey has a direct interest in protecting this part of the planet and maintaining long-term security and stability here.The main purpose of the article is a comprehensive scientific and political analysis of Azerbaijani-Turkish cooperation in the field of economic and energy security in modern times.The article examines the issues of economic and energy security of regional cooperation between Azerbaijan and Turkey, the establishment and dynamics, form and characteristics of Azerbaijani-Turkish cooperation in the field of economic and energy security, the place and role of regional and international energy security.
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Basing on a constructivist approach to international relations and foreign policy, the author has defined the conceptual content of the script, in which the experts of the Ukrainian National Institute for Strategic Studies imagine Crimea and the Black Sea region. The study was carried out on the bas ... is of the materials of the Institute's analytical reports to the messages of the President to the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine in 2014-2018. It was found that the ideas about Crimea contained in them are extremely mythologized: in the political picture of the world of the Institute's experts, the peninsula is considered as a «Russian bridgehead», a source of «military threat" and an "occupied territory". Ukrainian experts are convinced that the motives of Russia's foreign and defense policy in the Black Sea direction are allegedly due to its desire for "expansion", "imperial policy" and the desire to "restore the Soviet Union." They perceive the reunification of Crimea with Russia as an event that led to a cardinal transformation of the geopolitical space of the Black Sea region that contradicts Ukrainian national interests. At the same time, on rational grounds, the institute is actively searching for conceptual approaches to organizing a new regional security system and creating a long-term, broad and durable alliance of anti-Russian forces, which could act as a NATO parallel structure in the Black Sea region in the future. Moreover, Ukrainian experts do not have any own geopolitical project or idea on this. They are considering several options for regional coalitions at once, paying special attention to the Polish concept of "Intermarium", which consists in creating a block of Baltic-Black Sea states.
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The Eurasian economic Union (EEU) is the newest integration Association in the world economy and geopolitics. The status and ways of further development of this project are ambiguously perceived by the political elites and scientific communities of the EEU member States and external partners. The fu ... nctioning and development of the Eurasian economic Union is taking place against the backdrop of active opposition from Western States, crisis situations in the world economy, devaluation of intra-Union currencies and a number of other threats of a foreign policy nature. Integration processes are also hindered by internal political difficulties and distrust of each other on the part of state leaders. The formation of the image of the EEU is based on the statement of the uniqueness of this integration project, which is based on the principles of voluntariness, equality and the supremacy of national sovereignty.In this paper, special attention is paid to the status of the EEU in the expert discourse of Russia and the West. According to the results of the study, it can be concluded that the Russian expert discourse views the EEU as the first effective integration project in the post-Soviet space, while it is proposed to use the similar experience of the European Union for further development of the Association. European scientists do not see similarities between the processes of European and Eurasian integration, noting the inconsistency of actions of the EEU member States. The European discourse also analyzes the possibility of fruitful cooperation between Europe and the new integration Association. In the expert discourse of the United States, there is a strong opinion about the political nature of the EEU, which indicates a lack of awareness and high bias of the American scientific community.
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This study analyzes the problem of transnational terrorism from the standpoint of an integrated approach not only through the prism of global socio-economic processes, but also in the context of geopolitical confrontation between different actors, trying to strengthen their positions in the Middle E ... ast.The article reveals the concept of В«transnational terrorismВ», analyzes the preconditions for the emergence of terrorist organizations in the Middle East, considers the social base of transnational terrorist organizations on the example of such influential actors of modern terrorism as ISIS, Al-Qaeda,В«Muslim BrotherhoodВ». A special place in the article is occupied by the assessment of methods of combating transnational terrorism by the world community. In this regard, a number of declarations and security agreements adopted at the time by major international organizations were analyzed, which allows us to speak about the importance of this issue not only at the regional but also at the global level. Given the complexity of the ongoing processes in the Middle East, the author concludes that even the hypothetical elimination of all radical organizations will not provide a stable situation in the region. Only by eradicating its fundamental preconditions and reasons mentioned in the article, we can expect positive results.
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The article is devoted to the consideration of the role of women in the history of Buddhist culture in medieval Japan. The article examines the formation of the first female Buddhist monastic community in Japan. It is noted that the formation of the first Buddhist monastic community here was associa ... ted with women of Korean origin. A significant role in the institutionalization of Buddhism in Japan and its transformation into the dominant ideology was played by the Japanese empresses, who were impressed by the Buddhist approach to the religious status of women. The Japanese empresses actively supported the construction of Buddhist temples, donated land and significant funds to them. While pursuing a policy of strengthening the Buddhist church, they simultaneously contributed to its centralization and the establishment of strict control over the sangha by the state. The social and confessional status of women in the history of medieval Japan was constantly changing. If, until the end of the Nara period, nuns had the same social and confessional status as monks, then in the Heian era, nuns were removed from government positions and state ceremonies, and in religious treatises the opinion that women could not find salvation until will not be reborn as men. During the Kamakura and Muromachi eras, women again began to play an active role in society, including in religious institutions. During this period, new directions of Buddhism appeared (Amidaism, Soto-Zen, the Nichiren school), in whose doctrines the attitude towards women was more respectful. In the subsequent period, there was an increase in the influence of Confucianism and a weakening of the position of Buddhism in Japanese society, which negatively affected the social status of women and the state of the female monastic community.
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The article discusses the main approaches to understanding the designated terms in scientific thought in the second half of the XX - early XXI centuries. Within the framework of modern sociocultural research, on the one hand, national traditions are developing in defining the concepts of "culture" a ... nd "civilization", on the other, new connotations are being created. According to the authors of the article, the considered approaches to determining the meanings of the phenomena of culture and civilization are the most significant, revealing the essence of modern society. Culture appears as: an anthropological category, reflecting the creative activity of a person, as an ontological category, suggesting that outside of culture there is no meaningful and meaningful human being; as an axiological category representing a system for storing and transmitting spiritual experience, values and ideals. Civilization acts as a praxeological category that characterizes the level of social and technological development of society, which is characterized by alienation from natural life, the priority of social values over environmental ones, and the transformative-deforming nature of activity.
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Does worldview have a practical aspect? Yes, it has and we can find it in the impact that the philosophical text has on the reader. The meaning of a philosophical text (smysl) is connected, first of all, with the peculiarities of philosophical discourse. The complete philosophical discourse consists ... of theoretical, practical and metaphysical parts. Deontology as the basis of ethical and practical philosophy forms the ways of reflection of due and duty, making up a kind of symmetry to the methodology in theoretical philosophy. Analysis and hermeneutics of philosophical text make it possible to reconstruct the ethical analogue of the world view - world attitude (WA). The WA of the author of a philosophical text sets its pragmatics, defines a performative potential and can work as the basis for a typology of practical philosophies. The adherence to definite linguistic expression of due and duty by the author of a philosophical text - his textual conduct - can be a language marker of his WA. Practical and performative potential of the philosophical text is based on it.
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In the second half of the XX - beginning of the XXI centuries. in scientific knowledge, an interdisciplinary approach is becoming increasingly common. It is the interaction of different disciplines with each other that allows you to get new, fairly expanded and deep scientific knowledge. This approa ... ch is associated with transgressive acts, as a result of which it is possible to go beyond the traditions and stereotypes existing in scientific research practice, leading to unknown and unexpected discoveries. In this regard, it is especially important to consider such a term as "transgression". Therefore, reflections on transgression and transgressive experiments are becoming part of modern science. In this regard, it is necessary to analyze the concept of transgression in philosophy and modern science in general. For example, transgressive processes in biology were discovered earlier than in the physical sciences. Modern researchers, who tend to view science as an autonomous system, strictly isolated from the rest of society, are increasingly using the term "transgression" in philosophy and sociology. Moreover, the boundaries between various scientific disciplines have traditionally been considered constant and clear. But, on the contrary, science is presented as an activity that constantly violates, erases and rebuilds disciplinary, social and scientific boundaries. While the old boundaries of scientific knowledge are being transcended, advances in knowledge are changing, or creating new boundaries, both within and outside a particular discipline. This shift in boundaries determined the entire historical process of scientific development. At the same time, we can say that modern sciences were forced to come to terms with the production of new knowledge in a new form.
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This article is devoted to the presentation of the views of foreign philosophers on the problem of spiritual identity and national identity of Russia. The factors that influenced the formation of the worldview of thinkers, historical conditions, as well as identified theoretical, conceptual sources ... of authors, representatives of foreign philosophy are characterized. The concepts of spiritual identity and national identity of Russia in the works of foreign philosophers are analyzed.The works of the most famous contemporary foreign authors, who primarily develop socio-philosophical and philosophical-political aspects of the Russian national identity, are examined: Z. Brzezinski, R. Pipes, J. P. Scanlan, A. Toynbee, F. Fukuyama, S. Huntington.An analysis of the concepts of Western philosophical Russian studies shows that the key tendency of modern foreign doctrines about Russia is a fundamental refusal to reveal the moment of universality of the idea of Russia. The very need for philosophy, i.e. in the logic and dialectics of the history of Russia is considered not from the standpoint of the reasonable necessity of the concept, but from the point of view of the abstract rational randomness of the empirical phenomena of the historical existence of Russian society and state. The author comes to the conclusion that all the special concepts of the idea of Russia contain a dialectical contradiction and can remove it only in its own logical selfdenial. The latter should become the beginning of a reasonable and integral paradigm of the philosophical understanding of Russia in world history.
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This article analyzes a new interdisciplinary direction - "cultural neuroscience" with the possibility of studying social processes at the macro level. Cultural neuroscience is primarily concerned with finding the neural foundations that underlie differences. The author of the accepted method of the ... applied method of multiple regression, aimed at finding numerical dependencies between variables, contains a limitation - the impossibility of establishing limitations. Methodological remarks to the used index of cultural values, proposed by Hofstede in assessing individualism-collectivism, are indicated, and methodological errors that lead to irreproducibility of the results of this study are shown. The author comes to the conclusion that conclusions about the neurodeterminacy of collective life are made on the basis of extrapolation of the results obtained on the basis of individual differences at the macrosocial level, thus, a full study of the interaction process within the framework of an isolated scientific approach, at the moment, is impossible, which, in turn, actualizes the request for the interdisciplinary nature of such studies, including a philosophical understanding of the problem. It is also shown that the complexity of studying interaction processes by physical scientific methods is limited not only technically, but also due to the complexity, speed and unpredictability and uniqueness of this process in real life.
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This article contains a philosophical study of the moral basis of modern legal nihilism. Usually legal nihilism is understood as a negative or indifferent attitude of individuals or social groups to law as a social institution. The universal and necessary nature of this phenomenon cannot be revealed ... by giving even the broadest list of active causes of its occurrence and spread. This nature of legal nihilism can be understood through systematic knowledge the idea of the moral spirit.Within the limits of this article, only the nearest spiritual and practical basis of the legal nihilism is revealed. Further consideration of the problem proves that this basis is the freedom of moral subject, the moral view in general, which is an effective principle of the form of the modern world. From a moral point of view only the autono- mous will is truly free and, therefore, really moral. For it is subordinate to a universal law, rooted in the В«moral selfВ» of the will itself. Thus the autonomy of the will is recognized as the true and only law of morality, which is identified with real moral order. Recognition of the autonomy of the moral will as the highest principle of the practical spirit made the moral view an indisputable criterion for evaluating any existing moral order. Thus the reflection of the practical experience of modern times laid the moral foundation of legal nihilism. For from this moment on, any external authority, every normative order has come under the initial suspicion of the moral subject, Every objective normative order came to be considered by him as something that has only a conditional significance. All this reality now requires legitimation by the subject of moral freedom, justification before person's deep belief in what is rational and moral.
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The problem of identity is of great importance for modern society. The article deals with the issues of preservation and development of national and Islamic identity as a source in which a person finds the vital meanings that form the basis of his self-consciousness, the spiritual content of his bei ... ng. Emphasizing national feelings, religious values, people stand for the integrity of their consciousness and behavior. The centuries-old experience of neighboring residence of representatives of different nationalities and religions in the Republic of Tatarstan has formed a tradition of intercultural communication.
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This scientific article examines the current trend of В«smart clothingВ» as a modern cultural phenomenon. The authors of the article analyze the studied aspect and form the author's classification of В«smart clothingВ» based on numerous examples. Within the framework of this research, the method of ... sociological research was applied, which allowed to reveal the respondents' attitude to the influence of modern information technologies on the fashion industry. After analyzing the modern phenomenon of В«smart clothingВ», the authors of the study came to the following conclusion. The modern fashion industry is a complex and multi-faceted product of cultural activity that covers almost all spheres of human life, developing at the intersection of bio-nano-information technologies, at the same time it is a single universal communicative and expressive means, reflecting the level of development of media culture, while «smart clothing» can be rightly called both a means and a result of broadcasting the symbolic content of the modern socio-cultural space.
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The article presents the theory of cultural-historical types of N. Danilevsky and explores the main milestones of the formation of a civilizational approach in the framework of the main work of the author "Russia and Europe". The prerequisites for the appearance of the theory in historical retrospec ... tive are considered. Particular attention is paid to the problem of the evolution of the theory of cultural-historical types.The paper considers the correlation of the new political paradigm put forward by the author with modern political and international trends. "Russia and Europe" by N. Danilevsky allows you to take a new look at the historical process, which previously seemed to be purely linear, becomes cyclical. N. Danilevsky was the first to create an integral theory of the civilizational approach to politics, this field of political science is actively developed by well-known names in the science of Western political thought, O. Spengler, A. Toynbee, P. Sorokin, S. Huntington, and in Russian, K. Leontiev, A. Panarin et al. The current state of international relations and the undisguised Russophobic policies of certain countries actualize and even constitutionalize the theory of cultural and historical types of N. Danilevsky at the universal level. The fashionable term, the achievement of modus vivendi, diplomacy of the last century loses its relevance in the current one, where the area of agreement is minimized and all issues are resolved by power politics, creating a vacuum on the opposite side of the scale, which can be filled by societies based on their civilizational specifics. Terminology of N. Danilevsky impresses with its content and accuracy, after a century and a half, it is also in demand and actively used by modern Russian diplomacy. The object of the article is the work of N. Danilevsky "Russia and Europe", the subject is the methodological potential of the author's ideas.
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The importance of considering the problems of the article for solving problems of analysis and management of political processes, in which Russian and foreign citizens take part, has been substantiated. The main directions of development of information and telecommunication technologies and their im ... pact on the functional capabilities of hardware and software, telecommunication channels are considered. The positive and negative effects of the development of these technologies in relation to the provision of various categories of individuals with information about VIP- citizens of foreign countries, management of the perception of their images in the mass consciousness are investigated. At the same time, the importance of maintaining the necessary levels of information security was emphasized - both in relation to the use of the technologies themselves and the composition of the disseminated information. Analyzed the main categories of VIP-citizens of foreign countries; the content and volume of information about these citizens available in the information space; typical uses of this information in political technology; the ability to manage the creation, distribution, ensuring the availability of such information for various groups of individuals on the territory of Russia, as well as to combat the spread of fake information. The nomenclature and features of various channels for disseminating information about VIP-citizens of foreign countries on the territory of Russia have been investigated. It is noted that this information can be perceived by two classes of persons: Russian citizens and foreign ones. Moreover, between individuals of these two classes, mutual influence is possible in relation to their opinions. The main directions of influence of assessments by Russian citizens of images of VIP-citizens of foreign countries on political, economic and other types of decisions of the leadership of Russia and its individual regions are indicated; on the development of personal contacts between Russian and foreign citizens. The main groups of foreign citizens staying on the territory of Russia for a long time or for a short time are highlighted. The features of channels for receiving information about VIP-citizens of foreign countries have been investigated; the possibility of managing this perception from the point of view of the interests of foreign and Russian politicians, political strategists.
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