Issue 2020 No. 3 (64)

The integration of the administrative system of the Kalmyk steppe, whose formation in the context of autocratic policy on the national outskirts took place in the first half of the XIX century, into the General Imperial space, led to the search for various ways and methods of its effective achieveme ... nt, developed not only in the capital's government institutions, but also at the regional level. The subject of this article is the uniform of officials of the administration of the Kalmyk people of the Astrakhan province in the last quarter of the XIX century. Chief Trustee of the Kalmyk people, state Councilor V. A. Bashkirov comes to the conclusion that the uniform of officials, especially ulus Trustees and their assistants, directly located in the Kalmyk steppe, represents the Imperial power in a foreign environment, as the clothing of the national nobility - the traditional power. Considering the form of employees of management of the Kalmyk people as one of the aspects of integrative activities at the outskirts of the Russian Empire, head of the regional Executive body in its draft proposing changes allows you to adapt it to local climatic and geographic conditions, to minimize the costs of its acquisition, and also for authority among a managed population.
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After the end of the great Patriotic war, international relations between Soviet scientists and the ITR gradually began to improve. Despite the situation in which the Soviet Union was located, it was proved in practice that true science is always international and the effectiveness of such contacts ... can lead to mutually beneficial and useful development of scientific relations between the USSR and other friendly countries. Especially in this activity succeeded the representatives of the Leningrad Institute of transport engineers, Leningrad state University, LETI and LPI them. M. I. Kalinin, which in a short time were able not only to accept students from other countries, but also to help them with material and household support and living conditions were much better than for Soviet students. It is known that representatives of Leningrad science and production personnel in the 1950s and 1960s were the most mobile and mobile in this field, so they had to resume business contacts and establish cooperation through international meetings, symposiums and conferences in a short time. The article presents an attempt to demonstrate the system of bilateral business contacts in the scientific and industrial sphere with many friendly countries of the USSR using practical, real - world examples. Naturally, most of the projects were implemented, and international relations in scientific and technical terms resumed and reached a new level. The author used a set of special, logical and General scientific key methods and techniques in his work. Since to determine very significant characteristics, it is necessary to consider not only the key objective events that occurred during that period, but also to pay attention to the object of study, through generalization, comparison and analogies.
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Referring to the historical experience of trade unions in changing social environment allows us to assess more fully the opportunities that they have in the conditions of democratization of public life. Trade unions have always been part of the Soviet political system. Party organizations determined ... the main directions of their activities and involved them in solving national problems. The authors highlighted in the article the main directions of work of Stalingrad trade unions in the conditions of democratization of social and political life in the USSR. At the XXth Congress of the CPSU (1956) the task was set to raise the level of work of trade unions in the new conditions. The March Plenum of the AUCCTU (All-USSR Central Council of Trade Unions) in 1956 outlined the program of measures aimed at improving work of trade unions. The joint work of economic and trade union bodies to regulate and increase wages, reduce working hours, increase productivity, organize socialist competition, implement the collective agreement, and introduce advanced labor methods was of great importance. Based on the analysis of the documentary material the work of trade unions in the framework of such a new initiative as "Narodnaya stroika"(«people's construction site») is shown: it is when industrial enterprises and economic organizations were allowed to build residential buildings with the participation of workers and employees, which significantly improved the housing conditions of workers. The importance of social and household as well as cultural and educational work of trade unions, which had significant funds and material opportunities for organizing leisure time for workers, employees and their families as well as the active implementation of the development of long - term plans for the social development of labor collectives, which contributed to the search for ways to solve complex social problems at enterprises, is noted in the article.
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At the present time, along with such serious problems of our country as the economic crisis, a decrease in confidence in the administration of the Russian Federation and tension in society, the problem of corruption is especially acute. In the presented article, the authors linked the relevance of t ... he chosen topic with the significant spread of the phenomenon under study. The result of the expert analysis based on sociological research in a number of regions of the Russian Federation is the need to develop recommendations for improving the methods of struggle and confrontation in the territory under consideration. The study of the dominance of corruption in Russia is necessary, first of all, in order to establish its nature, study its features, develop effective measures to combat this problem, as well as create conditions and develop recommendations in which its appearance would be impossible in the future in Russia.
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The emerging network society inexorably increases the intensity of interaction between government and civil society, as well as encourages the reform of state/municipal management in the direction of increased openness and publicity, which makes it possible to more adequately take into account the g ... rowing demand of the young, educated urban middle class in the direction of a more active attitude to the social foundations of their lives. The introduction of modern forms of information and communication technologies and the increasing share of project - network forms of public participation have contributed to an increase in the involvement of citizens in various forms of interaction with authorities: they are more likely to actively participate in shaping the socio - political "agenda". It actualizes detection of the specificity of public participation based on the principles of network management, the changing nature of the state in strengthening its coordinating functions, the study of the updated format of the state/municipal administration as public.
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An algorithm for the influence of social inequality on the stability of the political system is analyzed. It is argued that the growth of social inequality leads to the polarization of society, creates prerequisites for the destabilization of the political system, reducing its manageability and effi ... ciency. Excessive social inequality puts broad segments of the population on the verge of survival, while "deprivation" in the economic and social spheres of interests excludes representatives of these strata from the political decision - making process. As a part of the algorithm destabilize the political system as a consequence of the polarization analyses "conservation" of poverty, marginalization of the poor and the formation of the social base of political extremism. To assess the level of social inequality, the Gini coefficient is used, high indicators of which are a prerequisite for the destabilization of the political system. Overcoming excessive social inequality is considered as a strategic direction for the development of any political system that seeks to maintain its own qualitative certainty.
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The article discusses the possibility of applying the methods of operations research to the management of the processes of interaction between society and power structures. The digitalization of the country's economic and political life, the emergence of new technologies for collecting, processing, ... transferring and storing data are changing the system of public relations. Research that integrates qualitative and quantitative methods for analyzing complex systems is becoming relevant. Operations research, as the science of quantitative substantiation of decisions, can be such a polyfunctional tool. The application of operations research methods to the analysis of socio - political processes is the next stage in the development of science, at which a new approach to the study of political processes, structures and technologies is being formed. Modeling of political processes, as a rule, is carried out in terms of natural language that is, using informal models. Attempts to formalize political processes, structures and technologies were reflected in works on the application of mathematical models of game theory to the social - humanitarian and socio-political sciences. The authors consider it expedient to expand the range of formal models and a set of mathematical modeling tools aimed at solving problems of managing socio-political systems. A new application of modern information technologies, which are based on mathematical models and algorithms, opens wide opportunities for analyzing the structure, behavior, development prospects of complex systems with behavior. The challenges of modern society require rethinking and applying in a new way method of quantitative substantiation of decisions made in political research. The article proposes to use the theoretical and methodological tools of the queuing theory to analyze real political processes and structures
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Since 1950s, the USA and Europe have been hit by a flash of protests and demonstrations against the government, state policy and social practices existing yet. At that moment several civil - rights, feminist and green or ecologymovements and movements against the Vietnam War and so on were originati ... ng in the USA alone. Social movements and political protests set off a new wave of greatresearch interestinprotest behaviortopic. Sociologists tried to develop theories to understand the origin of protest movements to predict their future. For example, the concept of collective behavior (G. LeBon, F. Allport, R. Turner, L. Killian, N. Smelser) explaining the aspects of collective behavior, theresource mobilization theory (J. McCarthy, M. Zald, D. McAdam, A. ObersСЃhall), revealing the importance of having appropriate resources for the emergence of a social movement, as well as the concept of relative deprivation (S. Stouffer, M. Merton, V. Ruinsiman). Theoretical insights of foreign sociologists have become a research base for domestic scientists who considered protest movements in the USA at the first stage (K. G. Myalo, V. V. Bolshakov, E. Ya. Batalov), and started to consider the protests in Russia at the second stage (Yu. A. Levada, A. V. Kinsburskiy, V. V. Safronov and others). It should be noted that political protest is formable, and its forms differ in the manner: nonviolent (public petitions, economic boycott, newspaper and magazine articles, sit - ins and peaceful demonstrations) and violent, which can spiral into property and public facilities destruction, physical abuse to political opponents, stepping into conflict with policeand acts of terrorism, including suicide. For example, the heavy coverage of the self - immolation of Buddhist monks in the Western news outlets in the mid - twentieth century has confirmed this practice as a type of political protest in the mindset of Western societies.
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The article focuses on the change political participation, mainly of young people, in the context of political mobilization. Digital technologies are fundamentally changing the idea of a person about hypothetical participation in politics and his ability to influence political decisions. Digitalizat ... ion contributes to the optimization of human resources in accordance with changing priorities, which is reflected in such a form of digital political participation as slacktivism. The construction of objective reality takes place, considering the interests of a person, his capabilities, and desires. Attention is focused on the playful nature of digital political practices, the attractive aspects of online groups are revealed, and the transformation of forms of youth participation in political life is shown. The article identifies trends in social networks that are of a political nature, and describes the most common forms of digital political participation, mainly of young people, that contribute to the political mobilization of society: podcasting, electronic petitioning, mobile applications on blockchain platforms, hashtag activism. The increased activity of the state in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has become the reason for the restriction of human rights and freedoms, contributes to an increase in the activity of citizens who use digital technologies to influence politics.
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In modern domestic political science and sociology, the processes of politicization of youth associations are topical research problems in the socio - political structures of the state. In order to truly attract young people to participate in political processes at the institutional level, planning ... strategic tasks, they need to be interested today in public programs and state plans as an independent subject of the state. To do this, it is necessary to highlight the range of tasks related to youth problems, primarily social and political. Another important area in this vein is the political socialization of the younger generation, the formation of their respective qualities and skills of participation in relations between civil society and the highest political power. In this regard, the article is devoted to the study of the role of youth political parties in improving the social structure of civil society. It defines the concepts of «social structure of civil society», «youth political party», «functions of a youth political party» from a modern point of view. Young people are free in their ideological and political orientation; she, for the most part, is very patriotic and believes in the future of Russia. The authors also touch upon the problems of the political culture of youth. The mastery of political culture is, first of all, the process of an individual's entry into the political atmosphere, its focus on the use of political power in the interests of civil society. Based on the legal regulation of the activities of political parties, the article analyzes their fundamental functions, classification characteristics and features. The revealed main functions of political parties allowed to reveal the role of youth political parties in the social structure of civil society.
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The article suggests ways to optimize interaction WITH NGOs and public authorities in the Russian Federation. This interaction is a fundamental link in the development of civil society institutions, since state support, as well as reducing obstacles to the implementation of socially useful activitie ... s and improving the efficiency of non - commercial organizations, are key factors for the successful functioning of SO-NCO in the social sphere. The status of socially oriented non-profit organizations is special, they receive support first of all, so it is important to establish clear criteria for obtaining this status at the legislative level, as well as in the future to build interaction with them on the principle of expertise, both in the case of obtaining opinions for entering the register by a provider of socially useful services, and in the case of working directly on request, with the authorities. This includes the possibility of licensing NGOs that provide specific services, such as education or medicine. In addition, it is necessary to ensure the information openness of the authorities in terms of interaction with SO NPOs. Among other things, among the ways of optimization, we have suggested the creation of local resource centers for working with SO NPOs.
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The article deals with topical issues of modern Russia. The role of the Russian Orthodox Church as a social institution is revealed. Based on the sources, the author analyzes the attitude to the state, as well as the spiritual and moral values that underlie Russian society. The article reveals the p ... osition of the Russian Orthodox Church on the most acute social problems, such as social inequality, artificial termination of pregnancy (abortion), the formation of stable family relations and value orientations, and personal education. The article also provides data from sociological studies that illustrate the attitude of citizens to various social phenomena. The conclusion is made about the need for an authoritative social institution for the further development of the country.
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Non - synonymic definitions of terms public and people`s democracies and their interrelationship with official diplomacy are presented. Approaches to the realization of non - official diplomacy in the NATO Alliance and external policy of China are demonstrated. In this context necessity of rethinkin ... g of Friendship Societies created in the post soviet space more than 90 years ago is underlined. Public and people`s democracies are presented for the first time as synergetic parameters of order for insuring efficiency of global governance. Vectorial multiplication model of soft power for creation resource potential of a modern state is presented. The model in comparison with scalar one allows to provide more correct simulation of complex public processes. The role of recently created joint higher education establishments as centers of public diplomacy and intellectual mobility is stressed. As special examples, the joint university of Moscow State University and Beijing Technological University in China and Belarusian-Uzbek inter - sectoral Institute of Applied Technical Qualifications in Tashkent are indicated.
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In modern conditions of human activity, the problem that requires the inclusion of any person in the overall social integrity and the very structure of society has not lost its relevance. Socialization of a person here occupies one of the main places in the process of his formation as a person. The ... formation of human qualities and properties occurs within a specific socio - cultural environment, which makes its own adjustments. A specific human environment has a whole set of different institutions that influence the formation of a certain set of social needs and interests of an individual to a greater or lesser extent. Socialization of the individual forms a certain motivational mechanism of action of the individual, the purpose of which is to achieve a certain goal. This article provides a brief analysis of various approaches to socialization. The main age stages of the formation of human qualities, life paths of the individual, as well as types, models and main stages of political socialization are considered.
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The article examines the phenomenon of "contentious elections" in the broad context of the erosion of democratic procedures on a global scale. It is noted that the increase in the number of «contentious elections» observed in the world is a serious indicator of the loss of confidence in democracy as ... a whole. And today this applies not only to countries with so - called hybrid or semi - authoritarian regimes, but also to countries with long-standing democratic traditions. This leads to increased distrust of democratic procedures and the erosion of democracy. This problem is considered in the article from the point of view of studying the international level of political elections management. Within the framework of this new direction of political science, the author consider international election standards and the possibilities of the international community, state and non-state actors to influence the conduct of elections, reduce the risks of political instability and ensure a democratic change of political elites. Analysis of scientific literature shows that the international level of election observation and management is going through a crisis associated, firstly, with the ambiguous influence of the leading Western countries on the democratization processes in the world, and, secondly, with the fact that the electoral assistance of international organizations and, before In all, the UN does not make serious changes to the already existing tendencies of democratization and, moreover, sometimes it can be used by semi - authoritarian regimes for their own legitimation in the context of ongoing electoral manipulations and falsifications.
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The emergence and development of global studies has proven to be an adequate scientific response to the global challenges of modern world. First of all, an important area of scientific research has become the awareness of the processes of globalization, the tendencies, causes, essence, as well as th ... e research of global problems generated by globalization and the search for the ways to solve them. Humanity, having entered the era of knowledge and progress, in parallel with them faced global problems in all spheres of human life. The focus of research is gradually shifting to the processes of globalization. Thus, the existence of new or previously unexplored phenomena becomes apparent. The present article is devoted to scientific and sociocultural context of global studies, to the prospects for the development of global studies and globalistics. It considers new trends and challenges of globalization, assessed the contribution of global studies to the sustainable development of civilization. The focus is put on the actual problems of the 21st century, the answers of globalistics to new challenges, sociocultural aspect of globalization, as well as the interdisciplinary synthesis in global studies.
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The article throws into question the idea that post-Soviet states should be considered as post - colonial ones. Postcolonial discourse tends to underestimate the specificity of the (post)Soviet experience.First of all, the postcolonial framework does not take into account radical nature of the Commu ... nist utopia. Forced modernization of national "borderlands" was just a part of a larger project of forging a "new man"; in the same vein Bolshevik cultural revolution was addressed not only to «Orient peoples» but to the "backward masses" as such. Secondly, the postcolonial discourse presents inhabitants of national republics as вЂ?subalterns', passive victims of вЂ?Communist experiment'. Actually, the Soviet project came into being as a result of joint action of the вЂ?center' and вЂ?periphery' and many people from national republics successfully integrated into Soviet institutions. Thirdly, the Soviet Union was fundamentally different from the "classical" empires by its efforts to integrate various territories, to impose uniform social and living standards, etc. Thus, the paper comes to conclusion that postcolonial discourse can be addressed to post-Soviet countries with significant reservations.
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The article deals with international election observation in the context of a pandemic. The rapid spread of the COVID-19 virus around the world, starting in the winter of 2020, has led to the introduction of a state of emergency or quarantine measures in most countries. The pandemic raised concerns ... about epidemiological security during the election campaign and election day. Two-thirds of the countries where elections were scheduled postponed them to a later specific date or an indefinite period. In those States where elections were held, the participation of international electoral monitoring missions was excluded. On a limited scale, international election monitoring has resumed since June 2020. The article presents the chronology of elections during the pandemic, and shows the features of international observation during this period. The author provides an overview of documents prepared by research centers and international associations (OSCE / ODIHR, International IDEA, ANFREL, Wahlbeobachtung.org/ Election-Watch.EU, ACE Electoral Network, IFES, etc.), on organizing election campaigns and monitoring elections in the face of the continuing threat of the spread of coronavirus.
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The article examines the importance of digitalization and digital cooperation for achieving the sustainable development goals proclaimed by the UN in 2015. From a constructivist institutionalist point of view, the main approaches to understanding digitalization for sustainable development are analyz ... ed. The main problems and vulnerabilities of the definition of digitalization issues in the UN texts are identified. As a result of the study of critical assessments and proposed alternative approaches to determining the importance of digitalization for sustainable development, the assumption is made about the possibility of a conflict of interest in this field. In the activities of international organizations to achieve the goals of sustainable development, some adjustments may be made in determining the importance of digitalization issues. The UN's position on this issue, however, can be considered the most objective and balanced.
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Spiritual interaction as an energy-informational transformation of the value basis of social systems based on spiritual and moral values is studied. The research methodology is a socio-philosophical analysis of the transformation of spiritual and moral values in the dialogical interaction of subject ... s of energy and information exchange. Attention is focused on the value basis of social systems, which is structured in the spiritual and moral values of society and the individual, acting as a system-forming fractal that unites the subjects of interaction in the development of this reality. As the spiritual core of society, spiritual and moral values set the vector of development of the value basis of social systems, determine the features of the functioning of personal fractal structures, are expressed in the need to co-exist and co-create in the development of being a person, the search for the meaning of life. The integrity of the personality is revealed in the energy-information interaction, when spiritual and moral values from idealized and absolute phenomena of moral consciousness are determined in the subjective reality. Spiritual interactions of subjects build the value base of social systems, determine the vector of development of society and the country as a whole. Authors, generalizing the concepts of M. M. Bakhtin, G. S. Batishchev, M. Buber, K. Jaspers defines energy and information interaction as openness, responsibility, co-experience, co-creativity of subjects for the development of spiritual and moral values. The process of formation of spiritual and moral values of the individual at the energy and information level through the development of social and cultural experience of generations is substantiated. Energy-informational spiritual interaction involves participation in the exchange of spiritual and moral values, which, becoming systematic and constructive, build the value base of social systems. Transformation of the value base of social systems at the level of energy and information exchange of spiritual and moral values of subjects models a stable fractal matrix structure, ensuring the spiritual development of the individual and society.
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The article deals with the theological aspect of understanding the idea of freedom by the prominent Russian religious philosopher N. A. Berdyaev. The study of the theological dimension of the philosophy of freedom makes it possible to identify the creativity of the thinker and expand the range of pr ... oblematic issues that may arise in the theoretical development of the key points of his worldview system. Taking into account the theological aspect can also become one of the criteria for classifying religious philosophical trends. When analyzing the philosophy of freedom of N. A. Berdyaev was discovered a clearly expressed theological level of its problems. Freedom is a key category in his philosophical system, and correlated with its metaphysical understanding. Freedom is transcendental and the disclosure of its meaning requires a specific theological conceptual apparatus and tools. A special role in its conceptual comprehension is played by faith, which corresponds to the theological method of cognition. In developing the concept of freedom, the Russian philosopher crosses the line that separates philosophy itself from theology and enters the field of theological thought. At the same time, Berdyaev's theology of freedom goes beyond Christian dogmatics and approaches the Gnosticism of the German mystic J. Boehme. In this regard, the theology of freedom N. A. Berdyaev can be designated as philosophical and intuitive.
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The article examines the possibility of applying the theoretical postulates of Schutz's intersubjectivity concept to the problem of analyzing the communication specific in the context of modern information technologies. The author's classification of the basic principles of network communication is ... given. It is shown that the need to correlate a message with a specific addressee of communication (an individual, a group) as a basic characteristic of "social action" is significantly reduced in conditions of network communication, since each text has its own audience. However, the principles of network behavior, grouped according to the criterion of a successful actor, specifically: the generation of the illusion of constant presence, openness, personification, are directly related to the intersubjectivity concept proposed by Schutz. The types of actions considered in the article (rational, affective, traditional, suggestive) are correlated with modern strategies of behavior of individuals in network communication through anidentity matrix of mental processes known in the present: thinking, will, perception, affect. On the given matrix basis, a spectrum of communicative acts was obtained in the paradigm of В«impactВ» in network communication. Thus, the variant of the sociological model of effective intersubjective communication influencing network communication has been obtained. In addition, this analysis method makes it possible to identify contradictory or complementary relationships betweenparticipants of communication, which also confirms the existence of a great potential for the study of intersubjectivity.
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The article explores the ontological principles of the conservative concept of I. Ilyin. The first part focused on the analysis of the principles themselves: creationism, hierarchism, traditionalism, and organicism. The second part substantiates the position that other research actions, including th ... e creation of a metalanguage (conceptual and categorical tools) for describing the socio - political concept of the Russian thinker, become possible and implementable on the basis of studying the mental and ideological origins of Ilyin's political philosophy. The author emphasizes the organic nature of Ilyin's views and views throughout the previous tradition of socio-political research, as well as the harmony of his ideological ideas with the global trends in the development of political science. It is concluded that it is possible to present Ilyin's socio-political concept as an alternative to current practices and strategies of political changes and transformations, and thus to actualize the problem of interpreting certain provisions of the author's political model in the modern socio - political context.
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The article justifies the importance of analyzing accessibility, directions and peculiarities of using information about foreign countries' political leaders by various categories of Russian citizens. At the same time, the importance of taking into consideration the following factors is shown: proce ... sses of geopolitics and world economy globalization; formation of the world information, financial and economic space, and military and political space; expansion of international relations of Russia and its regions in various fields of activity. The authors consider specific characteristics of foreign countries' political leaders that are important from the viewpoint of managing their images formation in Russian citizens' consciousness. Possible options for classification of such leaders are suggested that allow to systematize the process of considering material on the subject matter. The article stresses the special role of perception of images of foreign countries' leaders from G20 group and the leaders from the states having developed political, economic or cultural relations with Russia. With regard to the peculiarities of perception and use of images of foreign political leaders, a number of Russian citizens groups have been identified. For each group, the following was analyzed: motivation, nature and volume of information about foreign countries' leaders created (generated) and perceived by persons from specific groups; reasons and extent of their interest in obtaining information about foreign leaders; the composition and volumes of information that are actually involved in formation of these politicians' images; the extent to which individuals from each of these groups are "resilient" to the effects of mass consciousness manipulation technologies; the subject matter, content and volumes of information about political leaders in dissemination of which these persons may participate; directions and volumes of information and telecommunication technologies use by Russian citizens from specific groups to create, receive and disseminate information about foreign countries' political leaders, including television, the Internet, social networks, messengers, etc. The paper briefly analyzes possible technologies for conducting research concerning the effectiveness of processes of managing the perception of foreign countries leaders' images by Russian citizens belonging to different groups.
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