Issue 2017 No. 2 (51)

The author is trying to find out how great was the influence of cities in Ulus Juchi and what were the reasons for the emergence of the cities in the steppe. In addition, the article deals with the discussion problem of correlating archaeological remains of the Golden Horde settlements with the type ... s of settlements - cities, towns and villages. He thoroughly analyzes the conceptual approaches in science to the periodization of the urbanization of the Golden Horde, and also criticizes the existing principles of interpretation of archeological monuments. The author offers a number of criteria for the legitimacy of relating the archaeological monument to the city of the Golden Horde era. These are the following parameters: the exceptionally large size of the monument, the presence of a rich finds on the surfase of the ground, including the remains of a tabelware and a container utensils, including glazed ceramics, the availability of a rich numismatic material, the presence of remains of buildings built of burned bricks, the presence of a powerful cultural layer, the presence of a large number of handicraft items among the finds, the availability of evidence of transit trade (items of imports and trade equipment), the possibility of relating the monument to the Golden Horde city that mentioned in written sources, the presence of local coinage. In addition, one must take into account whether the given settlement was considered a city in the Middle Ages.
Read more

The article reveals the multifaceted charitable activity of the Astrakhan Diocese in the second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, including both personal donations of church hierarchs, members of the board of trustees councils and parish public towards the poor, opening at the ... churches of the hospice and hospitals , establishment and maintenance of institutions of spiritual and spiritual-school education, the formation of a special scholarship fund for orphans. In this experience, the author sees not only the tradition, but also a moral example of social service of the Church, which can be claimed in the current conditions of the development of Russian society.
Read more

The article considers the main categories, which we include in the concept of «Russian nation code»: ethnogenesis of slavs, Russian language, Russian culture, orthodoxy, patriotism. Speaking about each of these categories, the authors conclude that «Russian nation code» is multifaceted phenomenon an ... d is only reviving each element can come to the formation of a strong Russian state. Assessing the role of each element «Russian nation code», the authors conclude on the need for the Russian Federation, Federal Law «On the patriotic education» that would form a solid basis deontological component of the country's citizens, determining the prospects of its further development. Important components that determine the vector of development of the Russian people, is its language, culture and history, general analysis which allows to conclude that there is a direct succession generations of Russian people. Analyzing Рѕrthodoxy, the authors come to a conclusion about the dominant role of the state religion in the development of national self-determination of the Russian people, paying attention to the fact that, historically, in line with the development of certain types of social relations, the Рѕrthodox clergy took part in the formation of traditional public relations and had an impact on the specificity of the relationship of the people the country to the people, endowed with powers.
Read more

In May 1950, Hainan Island was liberated and became the ninth administrative district of the Chinese province of Guangdong. On the 28. Of June the «Law on the Agrarian Reform of the People's Republic of China» which initiated land reforms in the new territories was promulgated. According to the gene ... ral line of agrarian reforms of the Communist Party of the People's Republic of China, specific measures on the implementation of the reform were performed in the South China in Guandong Province. In Hainan, the land reform began in 1951. For two years, the Hainan lands were cleared of bandit formations and local exploiters, lease agreements were terminated and tenants' pledges were returned, the population was broken up into social classes, confiscated property was distributed by force and feudal land ownership was abolished. The reform was completed at the same time with the remaining administrative units of the province of Guandong. Other industrial relations were reformed, productive forces were liberated, and the restoration and development of agricultural production was stimulated.
Read more

The article deals with the issue of the local government's procurement operations in Astrakhan. Based on archived materials, there was determined the information about purchased goods, their quantity and cost. The desire of urban government to profit from the sale of goods and the preservation of pa ... rt of the foodstuffs by the beginning of 1917 was shown. In conclusion there was insufficient level of supplying the urban population with food.
Read more

This article examines the main measures taken by local authorities in the Astrakhan region to address the problems of free trade in the territory of the Astrakhan region based on periodical press materials. This allows us to identify both general patterns and local features of the ongoing action to ... cancel cards in the context of national policy. The paper reflects the main problems caused by the transition from the card system to free trade in the Astrakhan region in the post-war period and ways to address them. The author comes to the conclusion that as a result of the economic reform of 1947 in the territory of the Astrakhan region, with a decrease in prices, there was a shortage of food products. At the local level, these problems were difficult to solve, as the state-funded centralized funds of industrial and food products were limited, while in the Astrakhan region the share of goods marketed by local industry and industrial cooperation was very low. Under these conditions, local government bodies and trade unions have set themselves the task of increasing trade turnover and improving the work of trade organizations.
Read more

The topic of economical development in USSR in 1920-s is touched upon in the article. Nowadays this questions is quite debatable. The discussional subject is gradual becoming of USSR like industrially developed state. It was achieved thanks to policy of mixed economy and new economical policy withou ... t forced industrialization. However the author proves the new economical policy deviation and further conversion to acelerated pace of industrialization was consequential stage and it was necessary measure. The author makes such conclusion due to analysis of economical development in foreign industrial countries and generalized experience of science research. Based on this, the author makes following conclusions. In 1920-s USSR passed several stages of economical development. The authority had to cancel the policy of "military communism" because of its fail. Then capitalist relations were returned partially. It was the only true decision. But Bolsheviks inherited from Russian empire backward agrarian country. That's why the vast disruption appeared between agrarian and industrial sectors in the economy. These processes led to the huge disbalance in soviet economy. As the result new economical policy had sequences of criseses for the short time. It's downfall was inevitable. USSR had to returned the economy to industrialization. Also the perspective of new world war as one of the foreign policy factors pushed to the path of industrialization.
Read more

The problem of border security, its global component increasingly being reinvented from the standpoint of modern humanitarian knowledge. Under the border security of the society is understood as the state of border relations that protect the values of key fields from the edge of the damage. Border r ... elations are treated as relations of differentiation of the spiritual, social, material and production and organizational areas of a particular society from similar areas in other countries. Global threats to border security is defined as the outer cross-border threats of a global nature. These threats are presented in four groups according to allocated on the basis of the substantial activity approach and its four main areas. Among the most pressing global threats to border security are the terrorist threat, the activities of transnational organized crime, illegal cross-border migration, and other negative cross-border flows.
Read more

The authors, based on the study of contemporary political processes in Russian society assesses the state of the young generation education in the educational field are considered the ways and means of involving young people in terrorist activities and the "weak links" in the system of countering th ... e ideology of terrorism. The article analyzes the effectiveness of a set of measures to counter the ideology of terrorism, examines the role of education in preventing risks and threats of a terrorist nature, assesses the role of civil society institutions in this work, notes the need to improve measures aimed at countering the ideology of extremism in social networks.
Read more

In the Caspian region are concentrated politico-military, economic and energy interests of the five littoral States such as Russia, Iran, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. Huge hydrocarbon reserves and unique geographical position put the Caspian region in the center of world politics. The re ... gion attracts the attention of a number of players from outside the region, primarily the USA and China. In addition, with the Caspian region are important geopolitical issues, such as uncertain legal status of the Caspian Sea, delimitation of the water area, safe transportation of the Caspian hydrocarbons, the security issues of the Caspian sea and the destabilization of the middle East that gave rise to the deep crisis of the international security system. The clash of interests of different States in the region and a huge number of problems aggravate the military-political situation in the Caspian sea area. In connection with the problem of ensuring security in the Caspian region is an urgent and intractable. Moreover, the settlement of Caspian problems to a greater extent depend on the nature of the relationship of all stakeholders, especially from Russia, USA and Iran, which are closely involved in the conflict in Suria, which can not affect their policy in the Caspian region.
Read more

The article examines the role of information and telecommunications network В«InternetВ» in the formation of a new political culture public authority and civil society. The paper provides an overview of the political science research community for the use of the В«Internet in the political process. ... It is noted that the use of Internet resources in the political process was described long before the network in Russia. The author examines the main sources and mechanisms for obtaining political information. It analyzes the main trends in the use of the Internet by Russian society as a means of obtaining information. The article highlights the key performance indicators such as the number of Russian Internet users, the average age of the network audience, the main sources of information, the level of confidence in the published information, and the use of social networks. The author points out the need to consider the electronic media and social networks, blogs and forums together - as a single-source of political information. Defined user preferences for certain online sources. It emphasizes the significant influence of the Internet, young people, as a strategic resource of the state. In addition, this study shows the author's interpretation of the main action public authorities to computerization and internetization of public administration and the political process.
Read more

The article suggests the study of the evolution of ideas about the concept of national security in domestic and foreign science. In the USSR, the concept of national security was an indirect analog of the notion of national security, which had a narrower content. The modern application of the concep ... t of national security goes beyond the traditional notions of ensuring the security of the state, including the security of the people as a whole. It is revealed that the content of the notion of national security is expanding in modern science. Modern Russian regulatory legal acts on national security issues correspond to the modern scientific understanding of this concept.
Read more

This article analyzes the behavior of the policy at the present market of entrants of higher educational institutions: specificity, criteria for positioning, effective tools of research of the city of Astrakhan in 2016.

The article discusses about the history of the recent period of Astrakhan region. It notes the critical state of the leading branches of production as a result of the termination of economic relations both within the country and with its neighbors across the Caspian Sea. The attention is focused on ... the new geopolitical situation in the region position. Factor borderland becomes the determining domestic and foreign policy which was the region after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Versatile activity reveals regional administration aimed at overcoming the crisis, recovery and development of relations with the states of the Caspian region and their border regions, to attract attention to the center of the center of the field as a southern outpost of Russia, which has an important strategic position. This article highlights achievements and difficulties that befell the regional administration in this field. It stands turn of the century, which became a turning point for the region in many ways, and most importantly getting them the right to conduct an independent foreign policy and its approval as a conductor of Russia's interests in the Caspian region. It analyzes the relationship with the Caspian countries in the humanitarian, economic and information fields. The conclusion is that the many-sided cooperation of subjects of the countries in the Caspian Sea indicates the integration process, with all its complexities.
Read more

This article analyzes the positive and negative aspects of the primaries procedure, and their impact on the course of the process of party mobilization during the election campaign. The conclusion is that the preliminary stage of the vote as the electoral process is an important factor for the devel ... opment of party mobilization, and allows voters to observe the formation of party lists. The author believes that it is necessary to take into account the experience of different countries during the early voting. It is noted that the holding of primaries in municipalities seems extremely complicated procedure. This is connected, primarily, with the problems of selection of candidates to participate in the vote, a lack of qualified party cadres in the field. However, primaries have a significant set of positive characteristics: they allow consolidate the loyalty of the political elite, stabilize the party system, form a loyal voters, party members and activists are expanding the electoral base of the party and borders of the election campaign, allow us to introduce intra-party competition, and set the agenda for all campaign. Study of negative and positive manifestations of election primaries practice will help the effective implementation of this procedure in the Russian political practice will contribute to the growth of the mobilization potential of the Russian political parties.
Read more

The article is devoted to the issues of labor resources and migration. This topic is relevant both in Russia and in Europe. The central and strategically important direction is the legal regulation of migration processes, and in particular the taxation of labor migration. Illegal migration causes se ... rious damage to the economy and interests of Russian citizens. First, the loss of the national budget from non-payment of taxes during illegal migration is growing. Secondly, bypassing the system of state control, money is being exported from Russia. Thirdly, the level of crime in the country associated with illegal migration is increasing. The damage from legal migration in Europe is also visible. Despite the fact that politicians regard migrants as an increase in human resources and value them as future taxpayers, most Europeans disagree with this position.
Read more

The article is devoted to the consideration of international intergovernmental organizations of Europe as a source of foreign policy influence on the presidential elections of 2014 in Ukraine. Foreign policy influence facilitates the holding of "color revolutions" in some countries, with the aim of ... changing the ruling regime and thereby interfering in the internal affairs of the state. Therefore, the legitimacy of the newly elected government depends to a large extent on foreign policy factors, on recognition from outside. In this sense, international intergovernmental organizations play a huge role, acting as instruments for implementing foreign policy and demonstrating the effectiveness of a mild systemic impact on political processes in a single country
Read more

The article analyzes the peculiarities carried out in 2000-2008 on improving the electoral system in local government bodies of Moscow. The main goal of the reforms was to democratize and increase the effectiveness of local government bodies. Based on the analysis of law acts, the author discusses t ... he individual stages of the update of the electoral system, examines the reasons for and the appropriateness of their conduct. The author made emphasis on empowering local governments with some state powers. This process was accompanied by significant difficulties related to the redistribution of competencies and public property, the definition of the boundaries of the powers of the state and local government bodies, the unformed regional regulatory framework. On the example of Moscow, the article shows changes in the system of elections to local authorities that occurred after the reforms of 2000-2008, and aimed, among others, at bringing the Russian regional electoral system closer to European standards. Highlights the main trends in the development of the electoral process in the local governments, which have become part of a broad programme of reforms to create political order in modern Russia.
Read more

Each fact, event or opening in the cultural history always have the accurate spatial and temporary coordinates designated by the answer to the questions "Where?" and "When?". The unity of these two vitally connected coordinates makes sense of "hronotope". Disclosure of cultural and historical meanin ... gs of the relation to space and time in different cultures becomes a basis of their distinction and stimulates understanding of cultural situations of the past, present and future. Ours knowledge of chronotope is the model of certain reality, based on concrete signs. And if these signs are estimated incorrectly, the reality will be «built" mistakenly that will cause incorrect assessment of a historical way as in the past and in the future. In this situation consideration of specifics of special space time (chronotope) with its concrete historical events is especially significant. The basic chronotope, proving evolution of Russia, is the doctrine of "a special Way / Mission". In the conditions of self-identification crisis we can see the revival of interest in justification of "a special way" of development of Post-Soviet Russia, which is so unique that it is incomparable with others. In Post-Soviet time such theories, describing Russia as the special world, began to appear in a huge number. "The special way" is a way of power value where the prime target of "Sacred Russia" is to keep the whole world from the Evil. The logic of the civilization project alternative to the West becomes dominating in the second decade of the 21st century. The idea of stability of the Russian civilization - contrary to all historical logic - supports commitment of most of the population to saving own concept of life and the traditional valuable representations.
Read more

The article studies the actual problems of ecological culture in the conditions of the increasing of global ecological crisis. It is noted that in the modern world the urgent need of transformation of valuable orientations towards the recognition of culture as the priority in the sphere of relations ... between a person and nature has appeared. In the conditions of technization of all spheres of society the role of a cultural component sharply increases in the interaction of a person and nature: that shows the level of involvement of a person in the activity for transformation of the nature. The ecological culture as one of types of culture includes all kinds of the relations of the person and society towards the nature. It allows to consider the ecological culture as the special way of optimization of the activity of the person aimed to provide harmony in the "person - nature" system. The great role in the formation of ecological culture plays the ecological education, in the process of which the ecologic-oriented person with certain outlook and moral states is formed. The necessary components of the ecological culture are ecological knowledge and abilities which are the basic principles of the formation of ecological competences. In formation of ecological culture a specific place is held by system of the values based on ecological and moral imperatives. The author believes that nowadays the ideas of the Russian cosmism are actualized, because they are capable to overcome the alienation of the person by nature and are considered as the important factor of formation of ecological values in Russia.
Read more

The article presents the philosophical ideas of the outstanding thinker of our time - Umberto Eco, who had an impact on the understanding of modern culture and philosophy of language. The subject of research is the relationship of language and culture, which is can be observed in the various works o ... f Italian writer and philosopher. In his researches, the Italian philosopher acts as an advocate of contemporary culture. Eco examines contemporary culture, as a special system, formed by means of mass communication he finds a crisis of representation, reflecting the culture of the whole crisis. Moreover, in his researchers he acknowledges that the potential of the media, which is being constantly changing the thinking, allows "mass culture" to act as a mechanism for manipulation. Mass media and information in the modern culture are truly endless. After studying the field of mass communication culture, the philosopher admits that the main problem - is a way to broadcast information, which in his opinion, is not to extend its visualization, while maintaining its ability to critical reflection and immunity to her persuasive intentions. Based on the analysis of U.Eco works, and also works of thinkers who have influenced on his work, the characteristics of the philosophical understanding of the culture associated with the linguistic and semiotic and communicative approaches is being provided. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of understanding Eco's modern culture, which has relevance to the study of its contemporary manifestations.
Read more

Article is devoted to definition of the place and a role of genesis of culture in the period of the present stage of development of culturological knowledge and modernization of culture. Genesis of culture represents consideration of the movement of the initial cultural processes which have led to e ... mergence of what it is already possible to call human culture. Keen interest of many researchers around the world to a problem to origin of culture is caused in recent years by the important place which is taken by culture in the conditions of cardinal change of social institutes and a way of life of people.
Read more

The relevance of the topic is attributed to the growing interest in the problematic of media culture in cultural studies today. We live in mediatized world. Media (traditional and particularly new media) create our cultural environment as a whole, which allows us to consider media culture as a signi ... ficant type of contemporary culture. Besides, we can observe intensification of entertainment component of culture under the influence of media. Entertainment has always been an important segment of any culture. However the development of mass media in modern period has made the essential shift in entertainment practices and encourages the rise of powerful entertainment industry. Entertainment becomes a powerful strategy manifesting itself in different segments of culture. The article explores the phenomenon of media entertainment and deals with approaches to entertainment in works on media of such scholars as B. Benjamin, M. Horkheimer, T. Adorno, H. Marcuse, N. Postman, J. Baudrillard, N. Luman, N. Bolz.
Read more

P. Chaadaev, as for his contemporaries, and in our time remains one of the most mysterious and controversial of Russian thinkers. In the course of their lives (1794-1856) Chaadaev wrote a few works, even less was published during his lifetime. But even the little that saw the light, had a tremendous ... impact and resonance in the then Russian society. Chaadayev not only outlined the main pole, the polarity in history, the historical development of Russia, which was specifically developed in different socio-political theories, he showed how it is possible to explain the same thing from the opposite political and ideological positions.
Read more

The article deals with the social and political views of one of the prominent members of the Slavic movement in the late XIX - early XX century Ilya V. Kamensky. The concept of the «new Slavic outlook», which was proposed by I.V. Kamensky, is analyzed in the context of the social, political and econ ... omic changes which took place in Russia. These processes determined the renouncement of young generation of Pan-Slavists from the traditional Pan-Slavic and Slavophil concepts. Socio-political and economic changes in the society had to create a new ideas, that could meet the challenges of the era. The article concludes that the evolution of the Pan-Slavic political concepts in the late XIX - early XX century in the direction of the propagandizing of the ideas of economic integration of the Slavic lands and encourage the development of trade relations among «Russia, Austria-Hungary and the Balkans» was predetermined by objective factors. Evolution of the Pan-Slavic political concepts in the late XIX - early XX century is a little-developed theme in the modern political science literature, despite the fact that some of the ideas proposed by ideologists of the «new Slavic outlook» had a real practical implementation (such as the holding of two Slavic Congresses in 1908 and 1910). Moreover, some of the ideas, which were firstly expressed by V.I. Kamensky, were further developed at the political level. This once again confirms the relevance of the Kamensky's ideas in the late XIX - early XX century.
Read more

The work is devoted to analysis of reasons and roots of social dynamic, reflected in categories. Author considers questions, connected with mutual relations of such categories as «progress», «revolution», «reform» etc. Are investigated points of view of domestic (Gavrov S.N., Grechko P.K., Zavalko A ... .G., Semenov Y.I., etc.) and foreign authors (G.W.F.Hegel, R.Dahrendorf, K.Marx, J.A. Condorcet, K.R.Popper, A.Tojnbi). Making conclusion, that dynamic of society evolution needs its systemacy and integrity. In particular, it concerns such categories like «directionality of historical process», «sources (causes) of society changes»
Read more

Over the past decade quotes Novgorodtseva Pavel Ivanovich and Ivan Alexandrovich Ilyin began to be used quite often and from representatives of the federal authorities. Paul Novgorodtseva Ivan Ilyin and today belongs to the pioneers of the Russian law, the rule of law, honor, and patriotism. And wha ... t is most interesting, and remember Novgorodtseva Ilina not individually, but almost always together. Why is this happening, is there any common points in their biography and work? By using the historical method, the author reveals the moments of crossing the scientists in their life and relying on induction and deduction establishes the causes of formation and the similarity of their political views.
Read more

The article is devoted to the study of the formation of the political leader's image. The relevance of this topic is due to the strengthening of democratic institutions in Russia, so the problem of the image of a political leader and its introduction into the mass consciousness has acquired decisive ... importance. Specificity of the political space in modern society is such that student youth form, as a rule, their perceptions about politicians not as a result of direct contact with them, but on the basis of symbolic representations of the latter in media space, in the media, in assessments and judgments of relatives and acquaintances. In this regard, the assessment of the image of a modern political leader by student youth is timely and relevant for study. To this end, in the spring of 2016 a sociological survey was conducted. The objects of sociological research were students of Astrakhan universities, and the subject of the study was the attitude and perception of the students by the personality of the political leader. The aim of the study was to study the image of the political leader in the assessments of student youth. The conducted sociological research allowed to draw the following conclusions, the image of the political leader today is a strong personality with high business and moral qualities, on which the economy and politics of modern Russia depends. The main characteristics of the political leader's image are: high moral and moral qualities, patriotism, professional, business and Political skills, high level of education, family. The main factors shaping the image of the modern political leader are the political and economic situation in the country, as well as political advertising and political stereotypes. The level of awareness of student youth about the political elite of the Russian Federation as a whole is higher than that of the regional political elite, a full-fledged correspondence to the ideal image of a modern political leader among the representatives of the modern political elite of the Russian Federation and the Astrakhan region is available only to a few of the most popular political leaders. There are changes in the perception of the image of political leaders, so the students' understanding of the term "political leader" has changed; Priority characteristics of a political leader; Unacceptable qualities that the political leader should not have, the most important is the connection of the political leader with the people, which determines his positive perception.
Read more

The article is devoted to the book by German sociologist K. Mundlos «When motherhood doesn't make happy: regretting motherhood phenomenon» issued not so long ago and to philosophical thoughts on this subject. It is commonly believed in the society that motherhood automatically brings happiness and f ... ills life with sense. Any behavior, contesting this social statement is accepted as deviation. That's why any regretting on social status change from free to motherly is considered to be an anomaly as well as childfree or surrogate maternity are considered to be anomalies. This is the very problem which is raised by the author in her book. She states that the phenomenon of «regretting motherhood» is rather well spread in the society.
Read more