Issue 2024 No. 2 (79)

The purpose of this article is to consider the militarization of outer space as a continuously occurring process from the “first space race” to the present and possible ways to limit international military and political tensions in the field of space exploration. The article pays much attention to m ... ilitary space programs and types of outer space weapons, which different countries, primarily the United States and Russia, are developing. The use of the chronological method and the method of system analysis makes it possible to establish a continuity between currently developing military space systems, including those which new participants of space exploration (China, India) are testing. The article examines the relationship between the normative legal documents on outer space of the Cold War period and international treaties on the limitation of nuclear weapons, analyzes the main approaches to limit the deployment of military activities in outer space and assesses their possible application. Based on Russia's testing of “Sarmat” missile and the announcement of the US moratorium on testing anti-satellite weapons, the author finds the idea of bringing the “Treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space, the Threat or Use of Force against Outer Space Objects” (PPWT) to life worth attention. At the same time, the author thinks that the creation of a space situational awareness system alone is insufficient. Nonetheless the American moratorium of 2022 on testing anti-satellite weapons seems to be one of the elements of American policy aimed not only at demonstrating its own technical capabilities, but also at establishing restrictive lines for military activities in space.
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The features of the use of non-state actors, which include terrorist organizations, criminal groups, rebels and mercenaries, in modern forms of hybrid wars are discussed by the authors in this article. The purpose of the work is to show the features of the use of non-state actors in modern hybrid wa ... rs. To achieve this, two tasks are set. The first task is to show why the main focus is on the use of non-state actors in a number of forms of kinetic hybrid warfare. The second task is to show the use of non-state actors using the example of hybrid wars unleashed against Syria and Libya. The second task is to demonstrate the use of non-state actors using the example of hybrid wars unleashed against Syria and Libya. General scientific methods such as analysis, synthesis, induction, and deduction are used for the study. In addition to general scientific methods, there are systematic and comparative approaches. The methodological basis of the study is neorealism. It is revealed that in some modern kinetic hybrid wars, emphasis is placed on the use of irregular formations as the main tool for achieving military and political goals. It is shown that the testing of modern forms of kinetic hybrid warfare was carried out in Syria and Libya.
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The article analyzes the features of inter-Turkic dialogue as a phenomenon in modern international relations. The author considers the concept of inter-Turkic dialogue as a geopolitical project based on the community of Turkic peoples, the largest of which is the state-forming ethnic group of the Tu ... rkish Republic. The purpose of the work is to identify the features of inter-Turkic dialogue as a phenomenon of modern international relations, based on the civilizational approach and critical geopolitics. Inter-Turkic dialogue is considered in the context of constructing the image of “brotherly peoples”, which unites language, culture, history, values, worldview, religion and forms a supranational identity that creates the basis for interstate integration. Türkiye, as the leading political and economic force in inter-Turkic dialogue, claims leadership in this project. The concept of the “Turkic world” acts as an important component of Ankara’s foreign policy strategy, forming its own geopolitical vision of itself as an independent center of power in the emerging new world order. The role of personality plays an important role in this process: R.T. Erdogan is largely associated with the intensification and development of inter-Turkic dialogue and its emergence as a factor in modern international relations. At the same time, other participants have their own views and ideas on the development of inter-Turkic dialogue.
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This scientific work is devoted to the problem of identity construction in the context of intercultural interactions. Identity is an actual field of study in social philosophy, and interactions between different cultures can significantly influence the formation and redefinition of personal and coll ... ective identities. The article studies the main approaches that influence the construction of identity in an intercultural environment. The purpose of the article is to study the process of identity construction in the context of intercultural interactions from the perspective of these approaches. The article presents and compares poststructuralist and humanistic approaches to the study of identity in intercultural communication used by researchers. The article shows how people construct the identities of others and how people respond to discrepancies between how they identify and how they are perceived. According to the poststructuralist tradition, a model of intercultural communication is proposed that is applicable in multiethnic societies. The model considers the communication process from a human perspective. According to the humanistic approach, it is shown how relevant it is to construct the identity of another person in accordance with his self-identification at a particular moment.
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The work is devoted to the philosophical analysis of the phenomenon of the tradition of the Motherland in the aspect of the change of historical stages of the Russian society of the twentieth century. During the period of intensive search for a way to renew society, analysis of the causes of complex ... , sometimes dead-end problems of social development, public consciousness is undoubtedly of theoretical and practical interest. The purpose of the article is to study the foundation of the tradition of the Motherland: its value-semantic parameters, the dynamics of its existence in the mass consciousness. Mass consciousness is analyzed through the prism of sociocultural evolution, which allows us to see in a new way the traditional ways of its response to the challenges of the time. This approach provides interesting opportunities for studying the mechanism of mass consciousness, its stereotypes, ideologies, and characteristic requests for the image of the Motherland. The work shows the multidimensional nature of the problematization of the theme of the Motherland in the picture of the world of mass consciousness. The dialectical approach allowed us to reveal the duality of the Homeland model. One side of it is conservative and valuable: preserving itself as a tradition, the image of the Motherland ensures the continuity of culture. On the other hand, the image of the Motherland cannot be preserved unchanged in conditions of a fundamental breakdown of social relations. The logic of the development of the conflict between the tradition of the Motherland and the traditional image of the Motherland is proposed, ways of overcoming it are outlined, and the reasons for changing the traditional image of the Motherland are revealed. The dynamics of mass consciousness is important for the formation of people's identity by the factor of citizenship, taking into account cultural characteristics and traditions.
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Events of a historical dimension associated with Russia’s special military operation in Ukraine have brought humanity to a peculiar change in the milestones of historical time. The development of strategic approaches to the development of the modern world in conditions of cultural diversity is philo ... sophically and methodologically significant. The author of the article considers its main goal to put forward a working hypothesis about the content and structure of the renewal of domestic philosophical education. Based on observations of the practical and political course of human history, specific events in Russia and relying on the developments of fellow philosophers, political scientists and cultural scientists, the article analyzes the spiritual state of the era, its cultural contours and the updated domestic worldview determined by them. The author comes to the following main conclusions. Russia is a state-civilization, therefore its identity and ideology are conceptually based on the large-scale geopolitical concept of Eurasianism. The substantive and structural features of Eurasianism determine the contours of the renewed or reformed philosophy. It must consist of Marxist ideology as a section and a principle that permeates the entire worldview. Methodologically, the new philosophy must synthesize the ideas of dialectics, synergetics, the anthropic principle and the principle of universal evolutionism, the productive principles of postmodernism and post-non-classical science. The irrationalization of the world spirit obliges modern philosophy to cultivate imagination, esotericism, ecstasy, mystical intuition and many other various archaic forms of understanding reality, expanding the range of philosophical thinking at the expense of the nonrational and irrational. The reform of philosophy must take into account the Eurasian origins of the identity of peoples – the philosophical ideas of Orthodox Muslim thinkers and the theorization of the substrate components of the vast geopolitical space of ethnic groups. A significant block of philosophical knowledge should be devoted to the legacy of philosophers about a decent life, a noble citizen, freedom and responsibility, moral and physical health.
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Overcoming the spiritual crisis of modern Russian society is possible through the assimilation of traditional spiritual and moral values during the teaching of the younger generation in secondary educational institutions. The success of this work depends on the understanding of the need for these va ... lues by the students themselves. The main goal of the study is to give an objective assessment of the potential of the secondary education system for the formation of traditional spiritual and moral values among the younger generation. Teaching and educational work of this gymnasium has an Orthodox component, it is located in Astrakhan, the region with a complex confessional composition. The conducted research is based on the experience of scientific work written by Russian scientists, regulatory documents, and the results of their own sociological survey. The authors came to the conclusion that checking the readiness of students to accept traditional spiritual and moral values should be considered as an integral part of the preparatory stage of creating favorable conditions for their successful assimilation in the process of education and upbringing. The success of this work in an Orthodox educational institution ensures the family education of students based on Christian and Orthodox principles. Moreover, in secondary educational institutions with a religious component in both teaching and upbringing, the assimilation of traditional spiritual and moral values by schoolchildren will be also successful.
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Phenomenological approach to the study of arts has its own peculiarities, which have formed since the emergence of this direction in philosophy. Phenomenology is interested in music to a greater extent due to its abstract nature; although it does not have a material form like sculpture, painting or ... architecture, music is extremely capable of influencing the psycho-emotional state of a person. It may seem that physiology, psychology and physics should be the basis of such studies, but, as A. F. Losev shows in his work “Music as a Subject of Logic”, this basis cannot fully explain the phenomenon of real, authentic music. In order to comprehend or, at least, to touch the real phenomenon of music, the thinker introduces the concept of “pure musical existence”, which, in turn, has its own basic provisions. The aim of the article is to examine and analyse the concept of pure musical existence proposed by A. F. Losev in its specificity and structure. By examining the fundamentals, according to A. F. Losev, a conclusion is formed that pure musical existence is a hyletic being, manifesting itself in a chaotic form; music is a struggle with selfhood, but has in itself the life of numbers, hence the philosopher's reliance on the ancient idea of the connection between mathematics and music becomes obvious, but A. F. Losev endows the former with logicality and the latter with illogicality.
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The article is devoted to the philosophical reflection of education in anthropo-ontological methodology as a way of being; the value of such a perspective for the contemporary situation in education is actualised. The aim of the article is to identify key concepts to clarify the content of the exist ... ential-anthropological vertical dimension of the educational space. The article conceptualises the modern human being as slipping away from being determined and yearning for the education of his/her self, but at the same time vulnerable, fragile and ready to give up the risk of educating himself / herself and his/her continuous formation as a human being. The impact of the “therapeutic turn” for the human being image transformation on the social horizons of education is pointed out: the perspective of the human being is locked in the self and the human being loses the ability to transcend. It is argued that in contrast to this, the existential vertical of the educational space is a u-topic space where a person is “realized” as a person, it is a vertical of ontological risk, non-guaranteedness, non-determinacy. The way out into the “perpendicular” dimension of the educational space for the modern man becomes possible through the “courage in spite of”, which is based on the “metaphysics of heart” as opposed to the “managed heart”. In content, the existential vertical of the educational space turns out to be connected with spiritual anthropology: today it is what opposes the postmodern “splitting” of education and the human being.
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The development of intelligent systems has given prominence to one of the areas of contemporary non-classical aesthetics: algorithmic aesthetics. Mathematical measurements embedded in algorithms try to find the individual characteristics of personal aesthetic values. Algorithms created for specific ... tasks collect a large amount of data and induce generally significant values that begin to form content, for instance, in TV series, music, online education. The difference between the universal human predicament and the influence of algorithms on culture lies in the fact that the latter do not have limitations. Such software algorithms are already perceived objectively and have their own aesthetic value. The article examines how the transformation of aesthetic values occurs in algorithmic aesthetics. These values are algorithmic in nature and are associated not only with artistic values, but also create new aesthetic values. The following aesthetic values can be distinguished in algorithmic aesthetics: beauty (proportionality, integrity and harmony), aestheticization of digital code, hallucination in digital code, self-design, affect, algorithmic interactivity, algorithmic spectacle. This transformation is also associated with the transition from an emotional assessment of beauty to intellectual algorithmic interactivity and spectacularity.
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The work of F. M. Dostoevsky has traditionally attracted and continues to attract the attention of thinkers of various kinds. There are a large number of literary-critical, psychoanalytic and, finally, philosophical works devoted to understanding his legacy. In this article, we will focus on the ana ... lysis of one of his first works, a novella called “The Doppelganger”. It was with her that the themes of the duality of human nature in the works of F. M. Dostoevsky began. We will also analyze numerous interpretations and identify the main problems of understanding them. Attempts to comprehend the “Double” were made already during the writer's lifetime. N. A. Dobrolyubov, V. G. Belinsky, V.N. Maikov in their works drew attention to the social problems of the story. They saw in the work an attempt on the part of F. M. Dostoevsky to continue developing the type of “little man” that had previously been found in the works of A.S. Pushkin and N. V. Gogol. Among the existing philosophical interpretations, several main lines of reasoning can be confidently distinguished. Thinkers belonging to the first (N. A. Berdyaev, I. I. Evlampiev) believe that the “Double” was the first attempt on the part of F. M. Dostoevsky shows the deep antinomianism inherent in the human personality as such. Others (G. Pomerants, A. A. Ukhtomsky, D. S. Merezhkovsky, E. Ya. Golosovker, S. I. Fudel) turned primarily to the Christian interpretation of the duality of human nature. It was based on the idea of the inner man. And finally, as the last line of understanding, we can single out one according to which the double is none other than the Other for me (M. M. Bakhtin, V. A. Podoroga). Psychoanalytic interpretations (I. Neufeld, Z. Freud, O. Rank, R. Girard, A. Green, L. Monnet Dao, R. Lefort, M. Cadot, J. A. A. Catto) focused on finding in Dostoevsky all that later became the core of psychoanalysis as scientific knowledge. This article focuses on an attempt to comprehend and systematize the interpretations of the problem of the duality of human nature in F. M. Dostoevsky's novel “The Double” and the writer's work in general that already exist in the space of intellectual discourse. And also on the formulation of a new, philosophical and anthropological interpretation of the bifurcation of man.
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Vestigial fashion, which creates artistic images of a person, is guided by the aesthetic significance of the organization of the costume. However, the suit, as the shell closest to the human body, requires ensuring the comfort of its owner's existence. In this regard, tactile sensations are importan ... t, that is, sensations of touch and pressure arising on the surface of the skin. The development of tactile aesthetics, the essence of which lies in the combination of beauty and benefit, has not occurred for a long time historically, since there was a disregard for touch as the lowest of the senses. Tactility as an element of tactility has a special role in the field of vestigial fashion, where the sense of self arises from our sensual existence in the world, that is, touch, along with visual, determines the degree of aesthetic. The art of the twentieth century turned to tactility in practical experience, the greatest contribution to the “subordination of the eyes to the control of touch” was made by constructivist artists of Soviet Russia in the 1920s, led by V. E. Tatlin. Currently, tactile aesthetics, based on aesthetic and philosophical concepts of the twentieth century, fully enriches modern artistic practice.
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The article analyzes the monograph by V. P. Ivanova, V. N. Paltseva and S. V. Shipulin “Fish Resources of the Caspian Sea”, published by the publishing house “All-Russian Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography” in 2023. The authors of the study believe that, despite the presence of numerou ... s scientific publications on various aspects of the problems of the Caspian Sea, there was a need to prepare an integral work, compact uniting this disparate information, representing the dynamics of the use and reproduction of fish resources and determining the main directions for the conservation and restoration of commercial stocks in the basin. At the same time, in addition to the main, biological part, the first sections of the monograph are devoted to the history of research into the fishery resources of the Caspian Sea, which since 1897 has been concentrated around the first scientific fishery institution in Russia – the Ichthyological Laboratory under the Administration of the Caspian Fisheries, which became the founder of the Caspian Research Institute of Fisheries (CaspNIRKH), as well as the development of fishing in the Volga-Caspian fishing region, which, according to the authors, was from the 15th to the mid – 20th centuries. “the main fish farm of Russia”, providing half of the country’s fish catch. Of considerable interest to specialists involved in the history of the fishing industry is the section of the monograph entitled “Their names cannot be forgotten. Leaders who made a particularly significant contribution to the development of fisheries in the Caspian Basin,” which provides brief, succinct information on the biography and work activities of outstanding organizers of the fishing industry in the region in the second half of the twentieth century. The historical sections of the monograph are given particular value by the fact that the authors of the monograph were witnesses and participants in the restructuring of the fishing industry in the second half of the 20th – early 21st centuries. Their personal assessments and impressions of the events of this period, related to the development of the Caspian region, are of undoubted interest for specialists and all those interested in history.
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