<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<article xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">kaspy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">THE CASPIAN REGION: politics, economics, culture</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="electronic" /><issn publication-format="print">1818-510X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="ru">Астраханский государственный университет им. В. Н. Татищева</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2633</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.54398/1818-510X.2026.88.3.019</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="udс">327.7</article-id><title-group xml:lang="ru"><article-title>International Cooperation of Electoral Authorities: case study of the Inter-American Union of Electoral Bodies</article-title></title-group><title-group xml:lang="en"><article-title>International Cooperation of Electoral Authorities: case study of the Inter-American Union of Electoral Bodies</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9447-5175</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Amburtsev</surname><given-names>Roman A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Amburtsev</surname><given-names>Roman A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>ara1@iacis.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4431" /></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3041-5677</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Kondrin</surname><given-names>Maksim D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kondrin</surname><given-names>Maksim D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>st069945@student.spbu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4432" /></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff4431"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">International Institute for Monitoring Democracy Development, Parliamentarianism and Suffrage Protection of Citizens of IPA CIS Member Nations</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="en">International Institute for Monitoring Democracy Development, Parliamentarianism and Suffrage Protection of Citizens of IPA CIS Member Nations</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4432"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Saint-Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint-Petersburg State University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" /><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-10-22"><day>22</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><issue>3</issue><fpage>173</fpage><lpage>182</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>20</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></date></history><self-uri xlink:href="https://kaspy.asu-edu.ru/en/archive/2026/issue/3/article/2633">https://kaspy.asu-edu.ru/en/archive/2026/issue/3/article/2633</self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="https://kaspy.asu-edu.ru/storage/kaspy/archive/3(88)/173-182.pdf" content-type="pdf">https://kaspy.asu-edu.ru/storage/kaspy/archive/3(88)/173-182.pdf</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>The relevance of the study stems from the insufficient examination of interactions among electoral management bodies within multilateral platforms as a distinct format of electoral diplomacy. The article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the activities of the Inter-American Union of Electoral Bodies (UNIORE), focusing on its history, organizational structure, and practical implementation of functions. The methodological framework includes analytical methods and a case study approach. The sources comprise UNIORE’s founding documents, conference and mission materials, as well as scholarly works on analogous organizations. The findings indicate that UNIORE, established in 1991, is a non-governmental structure uniting state electoral bodies and operating through «soft coordination» mechanisms, adopting non-binding recommendations. The organization’s most significant function is international election observation (over 320 missions), covering the entire electoral cycle: pre-electoral phase, election day, and post-electoral assessment. A specialized online observer school has been created to professionalize observation. The functions of establishing international electoral standards and participating in the drafting of electoral legislation are not typical for UNIORE. The organization’s activities enhance the legitimacy of electoral processes and facilitate knowledge exchange among national electoral administrations while respecting the sovereignty of member states.</p></abstract><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The relevance of the study stems from the insufficient examination of interactions among electoral management bodies within multilateral platforms as a distinct format of electoral diplomacy. The article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the activities of the Inter-American Union of Electoral Bodies (UNIORE), focusing on its history, organizational structure, and practical implementation of functions. The methodological framework includes analytical methods and a case study approach. The sources comprise UNIORE’s founding documents, conference and mission materials, as well as scholarly works on analogous organizations. The findings indicate that UNIORE, established in 1991, is a non-governmental structure uniting state electoral bodies and operating through «soft coordination» mechanisms, adopting non-binding recommendations. The organization’s most significant function is international election observation (over 320 missions), covering the entire electoral cycle: pre-electoral phase, election day, and post-electoral assessment. A specialized online observer school has been created to professionalize observation. The functions of establishing international electoral standards and participating in the drafting of electoral legislation are not typical for UNIORE. The organization’s activities enhance the legitimacy of electoral processes and facilitate knowledge exchange among national electoral administrations while respecting the sovereignty of member states.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Inter-American Union of Electoral Bodies</kwd><kwd>international electoral cooperation</kwd><kwd>election observation</kwd><kwd>electoral monitoring</kwd><kwd>electoral management bodies</kwd><kwd>soft coordination</kwd><kwd>electoral cycle</kwd><kwd>observer missions</kwd><kwd>electoral diplomacy</kwd><kwd>democratic institutions</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Inter-American Union of Electoral Bodies</kwd><kwd>international electoral cooperation</kwd><kwd>election observation</kwd><kwd>electoral monitoring</kwd><kwd>electoral management bodies</kwd><kwd>soft coordination</kwd><kwd>electoral cycle</kwd><kwd>observer missions</kwd><kwd>electoral diplomacy</kwd><kwd>democratic institutions</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement /></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement /></funding-group></article-meta></front><body /><back><ref-list><ref id="ref0"><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amburtsev, R. A., Baryshnikov, D. N., Kondrin, M. D. Mezhdunarodnaya organizatsiya Frankofonii kak subekt elektoralnoy diplomatii [International Organization of La Francophonie as Subject of Electoral Diplomacy]. Kaspiiskiy region: politika, ekonomika, kultura [The Caspian Region: Politics, Economics, Culture]. 2025, no. 2 (83), pp. 131–142, doi: 10.54398/1818-510X.2025.83.2.014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amburtsev, R. A., Baryshnikov, D. N., Kondrin, M. D. Mezhdunarodnaya organizatsiya Frankofonii kak subekt elektoralnoy diplomatii [International Organization of La Francophonie as Subject of Electoral Diplomacy]. Kaspiiskiy region: politika, ekonomika, kultura [The Caspian Region: Politics, Economics, Culture]. 2025, no. 2 (83), pp. 131–142, doi: 10.54398/1818-510X.2025.83.2.014.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref1"><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grishin, N. V. Mezhdunarodnyy uroven upravleniia v sfere izbiratelnogo protsessa [International Level of Electoral Governance]. Kaspiiskiy region: politika, ekonomika, kultura [The Caspian Region: Politics, Economics, Culture]. 2015, no. 3(44), pp. 83–92.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grishin, N. V. Mezhdunarodnyy uroven upravleniia v sfere izbiratelnogo protsessa [International Level of Electoral Governance]. Kaspiiskiy region: politika, ekonomika, kultura [The Caspian Region: Politics, Economics, Culture]. 2015, no. 3(44), pp. 83–92.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref2"><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grishin, N. V. Pravo, prava i «pravila» v mezhdunarodnom nabliudenii za vyborami i referendumami [Law, rights, and «rules» in international observation of elections and referenda]. Saint Petersburg: Secretariat of the Council of the Interparliamentary Assembly of Member Nations of the Commonwealth of Independent States; 2025, 196 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grishin, N. V. Pravo, prava i «pravila» v mezhdunarodnom nabliudenii za vyborami i referendumami [Law, rights, and «rules» in international observation of elections and referenda]. Saint Petersburg: Secretariat of the Council of the Interparliamentary Assembly of Member Nations of the Commonwealth of Independent States; 2025, 196 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref3"><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Evstifeev, R. V Vybory, vyzyvayushchie konflikty: prichiny, rezultaty, vozmozhnosti mezhdunarodnogo regulirovaniya [Contantious Elections: Reasons, Results, Opportunities for International Regulation]. Kaspiiskiy region: politika, ekonomika, kultura [The Caspian Region: Politics, Economics, Culture]. 2019, no. 3 (60), pp. 110–113.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Evstifeev, R. V Vybory, vyzyvayushchie konflikty: prichiny, rezultaty, vozmozhnosti mezhdunarodnogo regulirovaniya [Contantious Elections: Reasons, Results, Opportunities for International Regulation]. Kaspiiskiy region: politika, ekonomika, kultura [The Caspian Region: Politics, Economics, Culture]. 2019, no. 3 (60), pp. 110–113.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref4"><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Korgunyuk, Y. G. Opyt Organizatsii amerikanskikh gosudarstv po vyrabotke mezhdunarodnykh izbiratelnykh standartov [Organization of American States: Contribution to the Development of International Election Standards]. Kaspiiskiy region: politika, ekonomika, kultura [The Caspian Region: Politics, Economics, Culture]. 2019, no. 3 (60), pp. 103–109, doi: 10.21672/1818-510X-2019-60-3-103-109.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korgunyuk, Y. G. Opyt Organizatsii amerikanskikh gosudarstv po vyrabotke mezhdunarodnykh izbiratelnykh standartov [Organization of American States: Contribution to the Development of International Election Standards]. Kaspiiskiy region: politika, ekonomika, kultura [The Caspian Region: Politics, Economics, Culture]. 2019, no. 3 (60), pp. 103–109, doi: 10.21672/1818-510X-2019-60-3-103-109.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref5"><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Acta Constitutiva de la Union Interamericana de Organismos Electorales (dada el 22 de octubre de 1991, reformada el 4 de junio de 2013) [Constitutive Act of the Inter-American Union of Electoral Bodies (issued on October 22, 1991; amended on June 4, 2013)]. Available at: https://www.iidh.ed.cr/images/capel/asociaciones/UNIORE/Acta%20Constitutiva%20UNIORE%201991.pdf (accessed: 07.05.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Acta Constitutiva de la Union Interamericana de Organismos Electorales (dada el 22 de octubre de 1991, reformada el 4 de junio de 2013) [Constitutive Act of the Inter-American Union of Electoral Bodies (issued on October 22, 1991; amended on June 4, 2013)]. Available at: https://www.iidh.ed.cr/images/capel/asociaciones/UNIORE/Acta%20Constitutiva%20UNIORE%201991.pdf (accessed: 07.05.2026).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref6"><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Actividades. Available at: https://www.uniore.org/actividades (accessed: 07.05.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Actividades. Available at: https://www.uniore.org/actividades (accessed: 07.05.2026).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref7"><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Catt, H. et al. Electoral Management Design. Stockholm: Bulls Graphics; 2014, 461 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Catt, H. et al. Electoral Management Design. Stockholm: Bulls Graphics; 2014, 461 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref8"><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Conferencia de la Unión Interamericana de Organismos Electorales [Conference of the Inter-American Union of Electoral Bodies]. Available at: https://www.uniore.org/conferencias-y-reuniones/xvii-conferencia-de-la-union-interamericana-de-organismos-electorales (accessed: 07.05.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Conferencia de la Unión Interamericana de Organismos Electorales [Conference of the Inter-American Union of Electoral Bodies]. Available at: https://www.uniore.org/conferencias-y-reuniones/xvii-conferencia-de-la-union-interamericana-de-organismos-electorales (accessed: 07.05.2026).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref9"><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Electoral Observation Missions Database. Available at: https://www.oas.org/eomdatabase (accessed: 07.05.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Electoral Observation Missions Database. Available at: https://www.oas.org/eomdatabase (accessed: 07.05.2026).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref10"><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Escuela de Observadores Electorales. Módulo 2: Etapas de la observación [School for Election Observers. Module 2: Stages of observation]. Available at: https://www.uniore.org/escuela-de-observadore-electorales (accessed: 07.05.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Escuela de Observadores Electorales. Módulo 2: Etapas de la observación [School for Election Observers. Module 2: Stages of observation]. Available at: https://www.uniore.org/escuela-de-observadore-electorales (accessed: 07.05.2026).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref11"><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Estructura y organización [Structure and organization]. Available at: https://www.uniore.org/estructura-y-organizacion (accessed: 07.05.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Estructura y organización [Structure and organization]. Available at: https://www.uniore.org/estructura-y-organizacion (accessed: 07.05.2026).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref12"><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gutiérrez García, A. G. Globalización y democratización: la actividad internacional de los organismos electorales mexicanos (1990–2019). Tesis de maestría [Globalization and Democratization: The International Activity of Mexican Electoral Bodies (1990–2019). Master's thesis]. México, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, 2020, 227 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gutiérrez García, A. G. Globalización y democratización: la actividad internacional de los organismos electorales mexicanos (1990–2019). Tesis de maestría [Globalization and Democratization: The International Activity of Mexican Electoral Bodies (1990–2019). Master's thesis]. México, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, 2020, 227 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref13"><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Historia. Available at: https://www.uniore.org/historia (accessed: 07.05.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Historia. Available at: https://www.uniore.org/historia (accessed: 07.05.2026).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref14"><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Inicio. Available at: https://www.uniore.org (accessed: 07.05.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Inicio. Available at: https://www.uniore.org (accessed: 07.05.2026).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref15"><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">JCE y UNIORE firman memorándum de entendimiento para Observación de Elecciones de 2020 [JCE and UNIORE sign memorandum of understanding for 2020 election observation]. Available at: https://www.paginaextra.com/jce-y-uniore-firman-memorandum-de-entendimiento-para-observacion-de-elecciones-2020%E2%80%8B/ (accessed: 07.05.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">JCE y UNIORE firman memorándum de entendimiento para Observación de Elecciones de 2020 [JCE and UNIORE sign memorandum of understanding for 2020 election observation]. Available at: https://www.paginaextra.com/jce-y-uniore-firman-memorandum-de-entendimiento-para-observacion-de-elecciones-2020%E2%80%8B/ (accessed: 07.05.2026).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref16"><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Misiones de Observación Electoral [Election Observation Missions]. Available at: https://www.uniore.org/misiones-de-observacion (accessed: 07.05.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Misiones de Observación Electoral [Election Observation Missions]. Available at: https://www.uniore.org/misiones-de-observacion (accessed: 07.05.2026).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref17"><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Normativas [Regulations]. Available at: https://www.uniore.org/normativas (accessed: 07.05.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Normativas [Regulations]. Available at: https://www.uniore.org/normativas (accessed: 07.05.2026).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref18"><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Objetivos [Objectives]. Available at: https://www.uniore.org/objetivos (accessed: 07.05.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Objetivos [Objectives]. Available at: https://www.uniore.org/objetivos (accessed: 07.05.2026).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref19"><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poblano Carrillo, M. Asociaciones de Organismos Electorales [Associations of Electoral Bodies]. Diccionario Electoral [Electoral Dictionary]. Ed. A. Guevara Castro, S. Vincenzi Guilá. 3rd ed. San José: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos; 2017, vol. 1, pp. 41–52.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poblano Carrillo, M. Asociaciones de Organismos Electorales [Associations of Electoral Bodies]. Diccionario Electoral [Electoral Dictionary]. Ed. A. Guevara Castro, S. Vincenzi Guilá. 3rd ed. San José: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos; 2017, vol. 1, pp. 41–52.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref20"><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Quiénes somos? [Who are we?]. Available at: https://www.uniore.org/quienes-somos (accessed: 07.05.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Quiénes somos? [Who are we?]. Available at: https://www.uniore.org/quienes-somos (accessed: 07.05.2026).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref21"><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Regional EMB Networks. Available at: https://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/em/emk/emk03/mobile_browsing/onePag (accessed: 07.05.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Regional EMB Networks. Available at: https://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/em/emk/emk03/mobile_browsing/onePag (accessed: 07.05.2026).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref22"><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sobrado González, L. A. La cooperación internacional entre los organismos electorales de América Latina [International cooperation among electoral bodies in Latin America]. Revista de Derecho Electoral [Election Law Journal]. 2017, no. 24, pp. 25–35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sobrado González, L. A. La cooperación internacional entre los organismos electorales de América Latina [International cooperation among electoral bodies in Latin America]. Revista de Derecho Electoral [Election Law Journal]. 2017, no. 24, pp. 25–35.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>